# go_term

go_id: GO:0005793
term: endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex system of membrane-bounded compartments located between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi complex, with a distinctive membrane protein composition; involved in ER-to-Golgi  and Golgi-to-ER transport.


go_id: GO:0005794
term: Golgi apparatus
ontology: CC
definition:
A membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelle of the endomembrane system that further processes the core oligosaccharides (e.g. N-glycans) added to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and packages them into membrane-bound vesicles. The Golgi apparatus operates at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways.


go_id: GO:0005795
term: Golgi stack
ontology: CC
definition:
The set of thin, flattened membrane-bounded compartments, called cisternae, that form the central portion of the Golgi complex. The stack usually comprises cis, medial, and trans cisternae; the cis- and trans-Golgi networks are not considered part of the stack.


go_id: GO:0005796
term: Golgi lumen
ontology: CC
definition:
The volume enclosed by the membranes of any cisterna or subcompartment of the Golgi apparatus, including the cis- and trans-Golgi networks.


go_id: GO:0005798
term: Golgi-associated vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
Any vesicle associated with the Golgi complex and involved in mediating transport within the Golgi or between the Golgi and other parts of the cell.


go_id: GO:0005801
term: cis-Golgi network
ontology: CC
definition:
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located at the convex side of the Golgi apparatus, which abuts the endoplasmic reticulum.


go_id: GO:0005802
term: trans-Golgi network
ontology: CC
definition:
The network of interconnected tubular and cisternal structures located within the Golgi apparatus on the side distal to the endoplasmic reticulum, from which secretory vesicles emerge. The trans-Golgi network is important in the later stages of protein secretion where it is thought to play a key role in the sorting and targeting of secreted proteins to the correct destination.


go_id: GO:0005811
term: lipid droplet
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle comprising a matrix of coalesced lipids surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer. May include associated proteins.


go_id: GO:0005813
term: centrosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A structure comprised of a core structure (in most organisms, a pair of centrioles) and peripheral material from which a microtubule-based structure, such as a spindle apparatus, is organized. Centrosomes occur close to the nucleus during interphase in many eukaryotic cells, though in animal cells it changes continually during the cell-division cycle.


go_id: GO:0005814
term: centriole
ontology: CC
definition:
A cellular organelle, found close to the nucleus in many eukaryotic cells, consisting of a small cylinder with microtubular walls, 300-500 nm long and 150-250 nm in diameter. It contains nine short, parallel, peripheral microtubular fibrils, each fibril consisting of one complete microtubule fused to two incomplete microtubules. Cells usually have two centrioles, lying at right angles to each other. At division, each pair of centrioles generates another pair and the twin pairs form the pole of the mitotic spindle.


go_id: GO:0005815
term: microtubule organizing center
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular structure that can catalyze gamma-tubulin-dependent microtubule nucleation and that can anchor microtubules by interacting with their minus ends, plus ends or sides.


go_id: GO:0005819
term: spindle
ontology: CC
definition:
The array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during mitosis or meiosis and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


go_id: GO:0005822
term: inner plaque of spindle pole body
ontology: CC
definition:
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the inner plaque is in the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0005823
term: central plaque of spindle pole body
ontology: CC
definition:
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the central plaque is embedded in the nuclear envelope.


go_id: GO:0005824
term: outer plaque of spindle pole body
ontology: CC
definition:
One of three laminate structures that form the spindle pole body; the outer plaque is in the cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0005826
term: actomyosin contractile ring
ontology: CC
definition:
A cytoskeletal structure composed of actin filaments and myosin that forms beneath the plasma membrane of many cells, including animal cells and yeast cells, in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the spindle, i.e. the cell division plane.  In animal cells, the contractile ring is located at the cleavage furrow. In budding fungal cells, e.g. mitotic S. cerevisiae cells, the contractile ring forms at the mother-bud neck before mitosis.


go_id: GO:0005827
term: polar microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the spindle microtubules that come from each pole and overlap at the spindle midzone. This interdigitating structure consisting of antiparallel microtubules is responsible for pushing the poles of the spindle apart.


go_id: GO:0005828
term: kinetochore microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the spindle microtubules that attach to the kinetochores of chromosomes by their plus ends, and maneuver the chromosomes during mitotic or meiotic chromosome segregation.


go_id: GO:0005829
term: cytosol
ontology: CC
definition:
The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes.


go_id: GO:0005831
term: steroid hormone aporeceptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex consisting of a steroid receptor associated with nonreceptor proteins, minimally a dimer of Hsp90 and a monomer of hsp56/FKBP59; forms in the absence of bound ligand.


go_id: GO:0005833
term: hemoglobin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An iron-containing, oxygen carrying complex. In vertebrates it is made up of two pairs of associated globin polypeptide chains, each chain carrying a noncovalently bound heme prosthetic group.


go_id: GO:0005834
term: heterotrimeric G-protein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of a family of heterotrimeric GTP-binding and hydrolyzing proteins; they belong to a superfamily of GTPases that includes monomeric proteins such as EF-Tu and RAS. Heterotrimeric G-proteins consist of three subunits; the alpha subunit contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and possesses GTPase activity; the beta and gamma subunits are tightly associated and function as a beta-gamma heterodimer; extrinsic plasma membrane proteins (cytoplasmic face) that function as a complex to transduce signals from G protein-coupled receptors to an effector protein.


go_id: GO:0005838
term: proteasome regulatory particle
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit complex, which caps one or both ends of the proteasome core complex. This complex recognizes and unfolds ubiquitinated proteins, and translocates them to the proteasome core complex.


go_id: GO:0005840
term: ribosome
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular organelle, about 200 A in diameter, consisting of RNA and protein. It is the site of protein biosynthesis resulting from translation of messenger RNA (mRNA). It consists of two subunits, one large and one small, each containing only protein and RNA. Both the ribosome and its subunits are characterized by their sedimentation coefficients, expressed in Svedberg units (symbol: S). Hence, the prokaryotic ribosome (70S) comprises a large (50S) subunit and a small (30S) subunit, while the eukaryotic ribosome (80S) comprises a large (60S) subunit and a small (40S) subunit. Two sites on the ribosomal large subunit are involved in translation, namely the aminoacyl site (A site) and peptidyl site (P site). Ribosomes from prokaryotes, eukaryotes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts have characteristically distinct ribosomal proteins.


go_id: GO:0005844
term: polysome
ontology: CC
definition:
A multiribosomal structure representing a linear array of ribosomes held together by messenger RNA. They represent the active complexes in cellular protein synthesis and are able to incorporate amino acids into polypeptides both in vivo and in vitro.


go_id: GO:0005846
term: nuclear cap binding complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A conserved heterodimeric protein complex that binds to the 5' terminal cap structure m7G(5')ppp(5')N of nascent eukaryotic RNA polymerase II transcripts such as pre-mRNA and U snRNA. The consists of proteins known as CBP20 and CBP80, binds to cap structures in the nucleus, and is involved in pre-mRNA splicing, 3'-end formation, and RNA nuclear export.


go_id: GO:0005847
term: mRNA cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit complex that binds to the canonical AAUAAA hexamer and to U-rich upstream sequence elements on the pre-mRNA, thereby stimulating the otherwise weakly active and nonspecific polymerase to elongate efficiently RNAs containing a poly(A) signal.


go_id: GO:0005850
term: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Complex of three heterogeneous polypeptide chains, that form a ternary complex with initiator methionyl-tRNA and GTP. This ternary complex binds to free 40S subunit, which subsequently binds the 5' end of mRNA.


go_id: GO:0005851
term: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit guanine nucleotide exchange factor which catalyzes the exchange of GDP bound to initiation factor eIF2 for GTP, generating active eIF2-GTP. In humans, it is composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, delta, gamma and epsilon.


go_id: GO:0005852
term: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex of several polypeptides that plays at least two important roles in protein synthesis: First, eIF3 binds to the 40S ribosome and facilitates loading of the Met-tRNA/eIF2.GTP ternary complex to form the 43S preinitiation complex. Subsequently, eIF3 apparently assists eIF4 in recruiting mRNAs to the 43S complex. The eIF3 complex contains five conserved core subunits, and may contain several additional proteins; the non-core subunits are thought to mediate association of the complex with specific sets of mRNAs.


go_id: GO:0005853
term: eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multisubunit nucleotide exchange complex that binds GTP and aminoacyl-tRNAs, and catalyzes their codon-dependent placement at the A-site of the ribosome. In humans, the complex is composed of four subunits, alpha, beta, delta and gamma.


go_id: GO:0005854
term: nascent polypeptide-associated complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric protein complex that can reversibly bind to ribosomes, and is located in direct proximity to newly synthesized polypeptide chains as they emerge from the ribosome.


go_id: GO:0005856
term: cytoskeleton
ontology: CC
definition:
A cellular structure that forms the internal framework of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The cytoskeleton includes intermediate filaments, microfilaments, microtubules, the microtrabecular lattice, and other structures characterized by a polymeric filamentous nature and long-range order within the cell. The various elements of the cytoskeleton not only serve in the maintenance of cellular shape but also have roles in other cellular functions, including cellular movement, cell division, endocytosis, and movement of organelles.


go_id: GO:0005858
term: axonemal dynein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A dynein complex found in eukaryotic cilia and flagella; the motor domain heads interact with adjacent microtubules to generate a sliding force which is converted to a bending motion.


go_id: GO:0005861
term: troponin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex of accessory proteins (typically troponin T, troponin I and troponin C) found associated with actin in muscle thin filaments; involved in calcium regulation of muscle contraction.


go_id: GO:0005862
term: muscle thin filament tropomyosin
ontology: CC
definition:
A form of the tropomyosin dimer found associated with actin and the troponin complex in muscle thin filaments.


go_id: GO:0005863
term: striated muscle myosin thick filament
ontology: CC
definition:
Bipolar filaments formed of polymers of a muscle-specific myosin II isoform, found in the middle of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


go_id: GO:0005865
term: striated muscle thin filament
ontology: CC
definition:
Filaments formed of actin and associated proteins; attached to Z discs at either end of sarcomeres in myofibrils.


go_id: GO:0005868
term: cytoplasmic dynein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any dynein complex with a homodimeric dynein heavy chain core that catalyzes movement along a microtubule. Cytoplasmic dynein complexes participate in many cytoplasmic transport activities in eukaryotes, such as mRNA localization, intermediate filament transport, nuclear envelope breakdown, apoptosis, transport of centrosomal proteins, mitotic spindle assembly, virus transport, kinetochore functions, and movement of signaling and spindle checkpoint proteins. Some complexes participate in intraflagellar transport. Subunits associated with the dynein heavy chain mediate association between dynein heavy chain and cargoes, and may include light chains and light intermediate chains.


go_id: GO:0005869
term: dynactin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A 20S multiprotein assembly of total mass about 1.2 MDa that activates dynein-based activity in vivo. A large structural component of the complex is an actin-like 40 nm filament composed of actin-related protein, to which other components attach.


go_id: GO:0005870
term: actin capping protein of dynactin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, nucleates the polymerization of actin monomers but does not sever actin filaments, and which is a part of the dynactin complex.


go_id: GO:0005871
term: kinesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily, a group of related proteins that contain an extended region of predicted alpha-helical coiled coil in the main chain that likely produces dimerization. The native complexes of several kinesin family members have also been shown to contain additional peptides, often designated light chains as all of the noncatalytic subunits that are currently known are smaller than the chain that contains the motor unit. Kinesin complexes generally possess a force-generating enzymatic activity, or motor, which converts the free energy of the gamma phosphate bond of ATP into mechanical work.


go_id: GO:0005872
term: minus-end kinesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the minus end of a microtubule.


go_id: GO:0005873
term: plus-end kinesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any complex that includes a dimer of molecules from the kinesin superfamily and any associated proteins, and moves towards the plus end of a microtubule.


go_id: GO:0005874
term: microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
Any of the long, generally straight, hollow tubes of internal diameter 12-15 nm and external diameter 24 nm found in a wide variety of eukaryotic cells; each consists (usually) of 13 protofilaments of polymeric tubulin, staggered in such a manner that the tubulin monomers are arranged in a helical pattern on the microtubular surface, and with the alpha/beta axes of the tubulin subunits parallel to the long axis of the tubule; exist in equilibrium with pool of tubulin monomers and can be rapidly assembled or disassembled in response to physiological stimuli; concerned with force generation, e.g. in the spindle.


go_id: GO:0005879
term: axonemal microtubule
ontology: CC
definition:
A microtubule in the axoneme of a eukaryotic cilium or flagellum; an axoneme contains nine modified doublet microtubules, which may or may not surround a pair of single microtubules.


go_id: GO:0005882
term: intermediate filament
ontology: CC
definition:
A cytoskeletal structure that forms a distinct elongated structure, characteristically 10 nm in diameter, that occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Intermediate filaments form a fibrous system, composed of chemically heterogeneous subunits and involved in mechanically integrating the various components of the cytoplasmic space. Intermediate filaments may be divided into five chemically distinct classes: Type I, acidic keratins; Type II, basic keratins; Type III, including desmin, vimentin and others; Type IV, neurofilaments and related filaments; and Type V, lamins.


go_id: GO:0005883
term: neurofilament
ontology: CC
definition:
A type of intermediate filament found in the core of neuronal axons. Neurofilaments are heteropolymers composed of three type IV polypeptides: NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H (for low, middle, and high molecular weight). Neurofilaments are responsible for the radial growth of an axon and determine axonal diameter.


go_id: GO:0005884
term: actin filament
ontology: CC
definition:
A filamentous structure formed of a two-stranded helical polymer of the protein actin and associated proteins. Actin filaments are a major component of the contractile apparatus of skeletal muscle and the microfilaments of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells. The filaments, comprising polymerized globular actin molecules, appear as flexible structures with a diameter of 5-9 nm. They are organized into a variety of linear bundles, two-dimensional networks, and three dimensional gels. In the cytoskeleton they are most highly concentrated in the cortex of the cell just beneath the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0005885
term: Arp2/3 protein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A stable protein complex that contains two actin-related proteins, Arp2 and Arp3, and five novel proteins (ARPC1-5), and functions in the nucleation of branched actin filaments.


go_id: GO:0005886
term: plasma membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The membrane surrounding a cell that separates the cell from its external environment. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer and associated proteins.


go_id: GO:0005887
term: integral component of plasma membrane
ontology: CC
definition:
The component of the plasma membrane consisting of the gene products and protein complexes having at least some part of their peptide sequence embedded in the hydrophobic region of the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005889
term: potassium:proton exchanging ATPase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses hydrogen:potassium-exchanging ATPase activity; characterized in animal cells, where it maintains ionic gradients of K+ at the expense of ATP hydrolysis; The complex contains two obligatory subunits, the catalytic alpha subunit and a glycosylated beta subunit; two additional subunits, gamma and channel-inducing factor (CHIF), may also be present.


go_id: GO:0005890
term: sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Sodium:potassium-exchanging ATPases are tetrameric proteins, consisting of two large alpha subunits and two smaller beta subunits. The alpha subunits bear the active site and penetrate the membrane, while the beta subunits carry oligosaccharide groups and face the cell exterior.


go_id: GO:0005891
term: voltage-gated calcium channel complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may pass in response to changes in membrane potential.


go_id: GO:0005892
term: acetylcholine-gated channel complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A homo- or hetero-pentameric protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass in response to acetylcholine binding.


go_id: GO:0005894
term: interleukin-3 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-3 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-5.


go_id: GO:0005895
term: interleukin-5 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-3; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-5 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-3.


go_id: GO:0005896
term: interleukin-6 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A hexameric protein complex consisting of two molecules each of interleukin-6, interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain, and gp-130.


go_id: GO:0005897
term: interleukin-9 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-9; comprises an alpha and a beta subunit. The alpha chain is specific to the interleukin-9 receptor, whereas the beta chain is shared with the receptors for several other interleukins.


go_id: GO:0005898
term: interleukin-13 receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that binds interleukin-13; consists of two chains, interleukin-13 receptor alpha1 chain and interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain.


go_id: GO:0005899
term: insulin receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A disulfide-bonded, heterotetrameric receptor complex. The alpha chains are entirely extracellular, while each beta chain has one transmembrane domain. The ligand binds to the alpha subunit extracellular domain and the kinase is associated with the beta subunit intracellular domain.


go_id: GO:0005900
term: oncostatin-M receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric receptor for the cytokine oncostatin-M (OSM). In humans the receptor complex is made up of the gene products gp130 and OSMR-beta.


go_id: GO:0005901
term: caveola
ontology: CC
definition:
A membrane raft that forms small pit, depression, or invagination that communicates with the outside of a cell and extends inward, indenting the cytoplasm and the cell membrane. Examples include flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane in adipocytes associated with caveolin proteins, and minute pits or incuppings of the cell membrane formed during pinocytosis.  Caveolae may be pinched off to form free vesicles within the cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0005902
term: microvillus
ontology: CC
definition:
Thin cylindrical membrane-covered projections on the surface of an animal cell containing a core bundle of actin filaments. Present in especially large numbers on the absorptive surface of intestinal cells.


go_id: GO:0005903
term: brush border
ontology: CC
definition:
The dense covering of microvilli on the apical surface of an epithelial cell in tissues such as the intestine, kidney, and choroid plexus; the microvilli aid absorption by increasing the surface area of the cell.


go_id: GO:0005905
term: clathrin-coated pit
ontology: CC
definition:
A part of the endomembrane system in the form of an invagination of a membrane upon which a clathrin coat forms, and that can be converted by vesicle budding into a clathrin-coated vesicle. Coated pits form on the plasma membrane, where they are involved in receptor-mediated selective transport of many proteins and other macromolecules across the cell membrane, in the trans-Golgi network, and on some endosomes.


go_id: GO:0005911
term: cell-cell junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell junction that forms a connection between two or more cells of an organism; excludes direct cytoplasmic intercellular bridges, such as ring canals in insects.


go_id: GO:0005912
term: adherens junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell junction composed of the epithelial cadherin-catenin complex. The epithelial cadherins, or E-cadherins, of each interacting cell extend through the plasma membrane into the extracellular space and bind to each other. The E-cadherins bind to catenins on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane, where the E-cadherin-catenin complex binds to cytoskeletal components and regulatory and signaling molecules.


go_id: GO:0005914
term: spot adherens junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A small cell-cell adherens junction assembled during the cellularization stage of insect embyrogenesis; spot adherens junctions later fuse to form the zonula adherens.


go_id: GO:0005916
term: fascia adherens
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell junction that contains the transmembrane protein N-cadherin, which interacts with identical molecules from neighbouring cells to form a tight mechanical intercellular link; forms a large portion of the intercalated disc, the structure at which myofibrils terminate in cardiomyocytes.


go_id: GO:0005917
term: nephrocyte diaphragm
ontology: CC
definition:
A specialized cell-cell junction found between nephrocytes of the insect kidney, which is adapted for filtration of hemolymph. The insect nephrocyte is anatomically and functionally similar to the glomerular podocyte of vertebrates.


go_id: GO:0005918
term: septate junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell junction that forms a continuous band around each cell in an epithelium; within the septate junction the membranes of adjacent cells maintain a constant distance of approximately 15 nm; found in arthropods.


go_id: GO:0005920
term: smooth septate junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A septate junction that lacks the regular arrays of electron-dense septae found in pleated septate junctions.


go_id: GO:0005921
term: gap junction
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-cell junction composed of pannexins or innexins and connexins, two different families of channel-forming proteins.


go_id: GO:0005922
term: connexin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An assembly of six molecules of connexin, made in the Golgi apparatus and subsequently transported to the plasma membrane, where docking of two connexons on apposed plasma membranes across the extracellular space forms a gap junction.


go_id: GO:0005923
term: bicellular tight junction
ontology: CC
definition:
An occluding cell-cell junction that is composed of a branching network of sealing strands that completely encircles the apical end of each cell in an epithelial sheet; the outer leaflets of the two interacting plasma membranes are seen to be tightly apposed where sealing strands are present. Each sealing strand is composed of a long row of transmembrane adhesion proteins embedded in each of the two interacting plasma membranes.


go_id: GO:0005925
term: focal adhesion
ontology: CC
definition:
A cell-substrate junction that anchors the cell to the extracellular matrix and that forms a point of termination of actin filaments. In insects focal adhesion has also been referred to as hemi-adherens junction (HAJ).


go_id: GO:0005929
term: cilium
ontology: CC
definition:
A specialized eukaryotic organelle that consists of a filiform extrusion of the cell surface and of some cytoplasmic parts. Each cilium is largely bounded by an extrusion of the cytoplasmic (plasma) membrane, and contains a regular longitudinal array of microtubules, anchored to a basal body.


go_id: GO:0005930
term: axoneme
ontology: CC
definition:
The bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of cilia (also called flagella) in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for their movements.


go_id: GO:0005931
term: axonemal nexin link
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex found in the axoneme of eukaryotic cilia and flagella. It forms interconnections between the microtubule outer doublets that surround the inner central pair of microtubules.


go_id: GO:0005933
term: cellular bud
ontology: CC
definition:
A protuberance from a cell of an organism that reproduces by budding, which will grow larger and become a separate daughter cell after nuclear division, cytokinesis, and cell wall formation (when appropriate). The daughter cell may completely separate from the mother cell, or the mother and daughter cells may remain associated.


go_id: GO:0005935
term: cellular bud neck
ontology: CC
definition:
The constriction between the mother cell and daughter cell (bud) in an organism that reproduces by budding.


go_id: GO:0005938
term: cell cortex
ontology: CC
definition:
The region of a cell that lies just beneath the plasma membrane and often, but not always, contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins.


go_id: GO:0005940
term: septin ring
ontology: CC
definition:
A tight ring-shaped structure that forms in the division plane at the site of cytokinesis; composed of members of the conserved family of filament-forming proteins called septins as well as septin-associated proteins. This type of septin structure is observed at the bud neck of budding fungal cells, at the site of cell division in animal cells, at the junction between the mother cell and a pseudohyphal projection, and also within hyphae of filamentous fungi at sites where a septum will form.


go_id: GO:0005942
term: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex capable of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and containing subunits of any phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) enzyme. These complexes are divided in three classes (called I, II and III) that differ for their presence across taxonomic groups and for the type of their constituents. Catalytic subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in all 3 classes; regulatory subunits of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase enzymes are present in classes I and III; adaptor proteins have been observed in class II complexes and may be present in other classes too.


go_id: GO:0005943
term: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IA
ontology: CC
definition:
A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IA phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated SH2 domain-containing regulatory subunit that is a member of a family of related proteins often called p85 proteins. Through the interaction with the SH2-containing adaptor subunits, Class IA PI3K catalytic subunits are linked to tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.


go_id: GO:0005944
term: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex, class IB
ontology: CC
definition:
A class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex that possesses 1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 3-kinase activity; comprises a catalytic class IB phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) subunit and an associated regulatory subunit that is larger than, and unrelated to, the p85 proteins present in class IA complexes. Class IB PI3Ks are stimulated by G-proteins and do not interact with the SH2-domain containing adaptors that bind to Class IA PI3Ks.


go_id: GO:0005945
term: 6-phosphofructokinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses 6-phosphofructokinase activity; homodimeric, homooctameric, and allosteric homotetrameric forms are known.


go_id: GO:0005946
term: alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase complex (UDP-forming)
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) and trehalose-phosphatase activities, and thus catalyzes two reactions in trehalose biosynthesis. In the complex identified in Saccharomyces, Tps1p has alpha,alpha-trehalose-phosphate synthase (UDP-forming) activity, Tps2p has trehalose 6-phosphate phosphatase activity; Tps3p is a regulatory subunit, and an additional subunit, Tsl1p, may be present.


go_id: GO:0005948
term: acetolactate synthase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A dimeric (a large and a small chain) or tetrameric (two large and two small chains) enzyme complex. Catalyzes the formation of acetolactate from pyruvate.


go_id: GO:0005950
term: anthranilate synthase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterotetrameric enzyme complex made up of two components I and two components II. Catalyzes the formation of anthranilate, pyruvate and L-glutamate from chorismate and L-glutamine.


go_id: GO:0005951
term: carbamoyl-phosphate synthase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that catalyzes the formation of carbamoyl phosphate; comprises a small subunit that binds and cleaves glutamine, and a large subunit that accepts the ammonia group cleaved from glutamine, binds all of the remaining substrates and effectors, and carries out all of the other catalytic events.


go_id: GO:0005952
term: cAMP-dependent protein kinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex, composed of regulatory and catalytic subunits, that catalyzes protein phosphorylation. Inactive forms of the enzyme have two regulatory chains and two catalytic chains; activation by cAMP produces two active catalytic monomers and a regulatory dimer.


go_id: GO:0005953
term: CAAX-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric enzyme, composed of an alpha and a beta subunit. Participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane.


go_id: GO:0005954
term: calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex which in eukaryotes is composed of four different chains: alpha, beta, gamma, and delta. The different isoforms assemble into homo- or heteromultimeric holoenzymes composed of 8 to 12 subunits. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of proteins to O-phosphoproteins.


go_id: GO:0005955
term: calcineurin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric calcium ion and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase composed of catalytic and regulatory subunits; the regulatory subunit is very similar in sequence to calmodulin.


go_id: GO:0005956
term: protein kinase CK2 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that possesses protein serine/threonine kinase activity, and contains two catalytic alpha subunits and two regulatory beta subunits. Protein kinase CK2 complexes are found in nearly every subcellular compartment, and can phosphorylate many protein substrates in addition to casein.


go_id: GO:0005958
term: DNA-dependent protein kinase-DNA ligase 4 complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A large protein complex which is involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and, in mammals, V(D)J recombination events. It consists of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), the DNA end-binding heterodimer Ku, the nuclear phosphoprotein XRCC4 or a homolog thereof, and DNA ligase IV.


go_id: GO:0005960
term: glycine cleavage complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that catalyzes the reversible oxidation of glycine. In E. coli, it has four components: dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, glycine dehydrogenase (decarboxylating), lipoyl-GcvH-protein and aminomethyltransferase, also known as L, P, H, and T.


go_id: GO:0005963
term: magnesium-dependent protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An intracellular enzyme complex that catalyzes the removal of serine- or threonine-bound phosphate groups from a wide range of phosphoproteins, including a number of enzymes that have been phosphorylated under the action of a kinase.


go_id: GO:0005967
term: mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Complex that carries out the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA in eukaryotes; includes subunits possessing three catalytic activities: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (E2), and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). The This Eukaryotic form usually contains more subunits than its bacterial counterpart; for example, one known complex contains 30 E1 dimers, 60 E2 monomers, and 6 E3 dimers as well as a few copies of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase.


go_id: GO:0005968
term: Rab-protein geranylgeranyltransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An protein-containing complex which catalyzes of the transfer of a geranyl-geranyl group from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to a Rab protein. In mammals it is composed of an alpha and a beta subunit, and associates with an accessory protein Rep (Rab escort protein).


go_id: GO:0005969
term: serine-pyruvate aminotransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex that catalyzes the formation of hydroxypyruvate and alanine from serine and pyruvate.


go_id: GO:0005971
term: ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex composed of 2-4 or more subunits, which usually contains nonheme iron and requires ATP for catalysis. Catalyzes the formation of 2'-deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate from ribonucleoside diphosphate, using either thioredoxin disulfide or glutaredoxin disulfide as an acceptor.


go_id: GO:0005975
term: carbohydrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates, any of a group of organic compounds based of the general formula Cx(H2O)y.


go_id: GO:0005976
term: polysaccharide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polysaccharide, a polymer of many (typically more than 10) monosaccharide residues linked glycosidically.


go_id: GO:0005977
term: glycogen metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues in alpha-(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha-(1->6) glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0005978
term: glycogen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


go_id: GO:0005979
term: regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycogen.


go_id: GO:0005980
term: glycogen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen, a polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucose residues.


go_id: GO:0005981
term: regulation of glycogen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycogen.


go_id: GO:0005982
term: starch metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants. It is a glucan consisting of two components, amylose and amylopectin, which are both glucose homopolymers. Starch is synthesized as a temporary storage form of carbon and can be catabolized to produce sucrose.


go_id: GO:0005983
term: starch catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of starch, the most important reserve polysaccharide in plants.


go_id: GO:0005984
term: disaccharide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any disaccharide, sugars composed of two monosaccharide units.


go_id: GO:0005985
term: sucrose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


go_id: GO:0005986
term: sucrose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


go_id: GO:0005987
term: sucrose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sucrose, the disaccharide fructofuranosyl-glucopyranoside.


go_id: GO:0005989
term: lactose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005990
term: lactose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of lactose, the disaccharide galactopyranosyl-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005991
term: trehalose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


go_id: GO:0005992
term: trehalose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


go_id: GO:0005993
term: trehalose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of trehalose, a disaccharide isomeric with sucrose and obtained from certain lichens and fungi.


go_id: GO:0005994
term: melibiose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005995
term: melibiose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of melibiose, the disaccharide 6-O-alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-D-glucose.


go_id: GO:0005996
term: monosaccharide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydric alcohols containing either an aldehyde or a keto group and between three to ten or more carbon atoms. They form the constitutional repeating units of oligo- and polysaccharides.


go_id: GO:0005998
term: xylulose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.


go_id: GO:0005999
term: xylulose biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of xylulose, the ketopentose threo-2-pentulose.


go_id: GO:0006000
term: fructose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose. Fructose exists in a open chain form or as a ring compound. D-fructose is the sweetest of the sugars and is found free in a large number of fruits and honey.


go_id: GO:0006001
term: fructose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of fructose, the ketohexose arabino-2-hexulose.


go_id: GO:0006002
term: fructose 6-phosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 6-phosphate, also known as F6P. The D-enantiomer is an important intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and fructose metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006003
term: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The D enantiomer is an important regulator of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic pathways. It inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase and activates phosphofructokinase.


go_id: GO:0006004
term: fucose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fucose, or 6-deoxygalactose, which has two enantiomers, D-fucose and L-fucose.


go_id: GO:0006006
term: glucose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose. D-glucose is dextrorotatory and is sometimes known as dextrose; it is an important source of energy for living organisms and is found free as well as combined in homo- and hetero-oligosaccharides and polysaccharides.


go_id: GO:0006007
term: glucose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucose, the aldohexose gluco-hexose.


go_id: GO:0006009
term: glucose 1-phosphate phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into glucose 1-phosphate to produce glucose bisphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006011
term: UDP-glucose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006012
term: galactose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactose, the aldohexose galacto-hexose. D-galactose is widely distributed in combined form in plants, animals and microorganisms as a constituent of oligo- and polysaccharides; it also occurs in galactolipids and as its glucoside in lactose and melibiose.


go_id: GO:0006013
term: mannose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannose, the aldohexose manno-hexose, the C-2 epimer of glucose. The D-(+)-form is widely distributed in mannans and hemicelluloses and is of major importance in the core oligosaccharide of N-linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006014
term: D-ribose metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving D-ribose (ribo-pentose). As beta-D-ribofuranose, D-ribose forms the glycose group of all ribonucleosides, ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids, and also of ribose phosphates, various glycosides, some coenzymes and some forms of vitamin B12.


go_id: GO:0006015
term: 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 5-phosphoribose 1-diphosphate, also known as 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006016
term: 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006017
term: deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of deoxyribose 1,5-bisphosphate, the diphosphorylated sugar 1,5-diphospho-2-deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006018
term: 2-deoxyribose 1-phosphate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyribose 1-phosphate, the phosphorylated sugar 1-phospho-2-deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006019
term: deoxyribose 5-phosphate phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into deoxyribose 5-phosphate to produce deoxyribose bisphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006020
term: inositol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


go_id: GO:0006021
term: inositol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of inositol, 1,2,3,4,5,6-cyclohexanehexol, a growth factor for animals and microorganisms.


go_id: GO:0006022
term: aminoglycan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0006023
term: aminoglycan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0006024
term: glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


go_id: GO:0006025
term: galactosaminoglycan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.


go_id: GO:0006026
term: aminoglycan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aminoglycans, any polymer containing amino groups that consists of more than about 10 monosaccharide residues joined to each other by glycosidic linkages.


go_id: GO:0006027
term: glycosaminoglycan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glycosaminoglycans, any one of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars.


go_id: GO:0006028
term: galactosaminoglycan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosaminoglycans, any of a group of polysaccharides that contain amino sugars derived from the galactose.


go_id: GO:0006029
term: proteoglycan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proteoglycans, any glycoprotein in which the carbohydrate units are glycosaminoglycans.


go_id: GO:0006030
term: chitin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0006031
term: chitin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0006032
term: chitin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0006034
term: cuticle chitin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


go_id: GO:0006035
term: cuticle chitin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


go_id: GO:0006036
term: cuticle chitin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cuticle chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in cuticles.


go_id: GO:0006037
term: cell wall chitin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


go_id: GO:0006038
term: cell wall chitin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


go_id: GO:0006039
term: cell wall chitin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cell wall chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, found in the walls of cells.


go_id: GO:0006040
term: amino sugar metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any amino sugar, sugars containing an amino group in place of a hydroxyl group.


go_id: GO:0006041
term: glucosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


go_id: GO:0006042
term: glucosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


go_id: GO:0006043
term: glucosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosamine (2-amino-2-deoxyglucopyranose), an aminodeoxysugar that occurs in combined form in chitin.


go_id: GO:0006044
term: N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0006045
term: N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0006046
term: N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylglucosamine. The D isomer is a common structural unit of glycoproteins in plants, bacteria and animals; it is often the terminal sugar of an oligosaccharide group of a glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0006047
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006048
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006049
term: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, a substance composed of N-acetylglucosamine, a common structural unit of oligosaccharides, in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006050
term: mannosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosomine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose; the D-isomer is a constituent of neuraminic acids as well as mucolipids and mucoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006051
term: N-acetylmannosamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


go_id: GO:0006052
term: N-acetylmannosamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


go_id: GO:0006053
term: N-acetylmannosamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of N-acetylmannosamine, the acetylated derivative of mannosamine, 2-amino-2-deoxymannose.


go_id: GO:0006054
term: N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving N-acetylneuraminate, the anion of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid.


go_id: GO:0006055
term: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of CMP-N-acetylneuraminate, a substance composed of 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-3-ulosonic acid in glycosidic linkage with cytidine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006056
term: mannoprotein metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mannoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


go_id: GO:0006057
term: mannoprotein biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a mannoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


go_id: GO:0006058
term: mannoprotein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a mannoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound mannose residues.


go_id: GO:0006059
term: hexitol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving hexitols, any alditol with a chain of six carbon atoms in the molecule.


go_id: GO:0006060
term: sorbitol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


go_id: GO:0006061
term: sorbitol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


go_id: GO:0006062
term: sorbitol catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sorbitol (D-glucitol), one of the ten stereoisomeric hexitols. It can be derived from glucose by reduction of the aldehyde group.


go_id: GO:0006063
term: uronic acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving uronic acid, any monocarboxylic acid formally derived by oxidizing to a carboxyl group the terminal hydroxymethylene group of either an aldose with four or more carbon atoms in the molecule, or of any glycoside derived from such an aldose.


go_id: GO:0006064
term: glucuronate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucuronate, any salt or ester of glucuronic acid.


go_id: GO:0006065
term: UDP-glucuronate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of UDP-glucuronate, a substance composed of glucuronic acid in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006066
term: alcohol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving alcohols, any of a class of compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups attached to a saturated carbon atom.


go_id: GO:0006067
term: ethanol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


go_id: GO:0006068
term: ethanol catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


go_id: GO:0006069
term: ethanol oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
An ethanol metabolic process in which ethanol is converted to acetyl-CoA via acetaldehyde and acetate.


go_id: GO:0006070
term: octanol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving octanol, the 8-carbon alcohol with the formula C8H17OH.


go_id: GO:0006071
term: glycerol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


go_id: GO:0006072
term: glycerol-3-phosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol-3-phosphate, a phosphoric monoester of glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006073
term: cellular glucan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucans, polysaccharides consisting only of glucose residues, occurring at the level of an individual cell.


go_id: GO:0006074
term: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


go_id: GO:0006075
term: (1->3)-beta-D-glucan biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of (1->3)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->3)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


go_id: GO:0006077
term: (1->6)-beta-D-glucan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving (1->6)-beta-D-glucans, compounds composed of glucose residues linked by (1->6)-beta-D-glucosidic bonds.


go_id: GO:0006080
term: substituted mannan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a mannan backbone composed of D-mannose unites, substituted with D-glucose and/or D-galactose units.


go_id: GO:0006081
term: cellular aldehyde metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aldehydes, any organic compound with the formula R-CH=O, as carried out by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006082
term: organic acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving organic acids, any acidic compound containing carbon in covalent linkage.


go_id: GO:0006084
term: acetyl-CoA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated; it is a metabolite derived from several pathways (e.g. glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, amino-acid catabolism) and is further metabolized by the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It is a key intermediate in lipid and terpenoid biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006085
term: acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetyl-CoA, a derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is acetylated.


go_id: GO:0006091
term: generation of precursor metabolites and energy
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of precursor metabolites, substances from which energy is derived, and any process involved in the liberation of energy from these substances.


go_id: GO:0006094
term: gluconeogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006096
term: glycolytic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a carbohydrate into pyruvate, with the concomitant production of a small amount of ATP and the reduction of NAD(P) to NAD(P)H. Glycolysis begins with the metabolism of a carbohydrate to generate products that can enter the pathway and ends with the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate may be converted to acetyl-coenzyme A, ethanol, lactate, or other small molecules.


go_id: GO:0006097
term: glyoxylate cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A modification of the TCA cycle occurring in some plants and microorganisms, in which isocitrate is cleaved to glyoxylate and succinate. Glyoxylate can then react with acetyl-CoA to form malate.


go_id: GO:0006098
term: pentose-phosphate shunt
ontology: BP
definition:
The metabolic process in which glucose-6-phosphate is oxidized to form carbon dioxide (CO2) and ribulose 5-phosphate, coupled to reduction of NADP+ to NADPH; ribulose 5-P then enters a series of reactions that can yield biosynthetic precursors (ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate) and glycolytic intermediates (fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006099
term: tricarboxylic acid cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A nearly universal metabolic pathway in which the acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A is effectively oxidized to two CO2 and four pairs of electrons are transferred to coenzymes. The acetyl group combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate, which undergoes successive transformations to isocitrate, 2-oxoglutarate, succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and oxaloacetate again, thus completing the cycle. In eukaryotes the tricarboxylic acid is confined to the mitochondria. See also glyoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006101
term: citrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate. Citrate is widely distributed in nature and is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006102
term: isocitrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isocitrate, the anion of isocitric acid, 1-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid. Isocitrate is an important intermediate in the TCA cycle and the glycoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006103
term: 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxoglutarate, the dianion of 2-oxoglutaric acid. It is a key constituent of the TCA cycle and a key intermediate in amino-acid metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006104
term: succinyl-CoA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinyl-CoA, a compound composed of the monovalent acyl group 3-carboxypropanoyl, derived from succinic acid by loss of one OH group, linked to coenzyme A.


go_id: GO:0006105
term: succinate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving succinate, also known as butanedioate or ethane dicarboxylate, the dianion of succinic acid. Succinate is an important intermediate in metabolism and a component of the TCA cycle.


go_id: GO:0006106
term: fumarate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fumarate, the anion of trans-1,2-ethenedicarboxylic acid, the diastereoisomer of maleate. It is a key intermediate in metabolism and is formed in the TCA cycle from succinate and converted into malate.


go_id: GO:0006107
term: oxaloacetate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving oxaloacetate, the anion of oxobutanedioic acid, an important intermediate in metabolism, especially as a component of the TCA cycle.


go_id: GO:0006108
term: malate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving malate, the anion of hydroxybutanedioic acid, a chiral hydroxydicarboxylic acid. The (+) enantiomer is an important intermediate in metabolism as a component of both the TCA cycle and the glyoxylate cycle.


go_id: GO:0006109
term: regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving carbohydrates.


go_id: GO:0006111
term: regulation of gluconeogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors, such as pyruvate, amino acids and glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006112
term: energy reserve metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways by which a cell derives energy from stored compounds such as fats or glycogen.


go_id: GO:0006113
term: fermentation
ontology: BP
definition:
The anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, coupling the oxidation and reduction of NAD/H and the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).


go_id: GO:0006114
term: glycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycerol, 1,2,3-propanetriol, a sweet, hygroscopic, viscous liquid, widely distributed in nature as a constituent of many lipids.


go_id: GO:0006115
term: ethanol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ethanol, CH3-CH2-OH, a colorless, water-miscible, flammable liquid produced by alcoholic fermentation.


go_id: GO:0006116
term: NADH oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
A metabolic process that results in the oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH, to the oxidized form, NAD.


go_id: GO:0006117
term: acetaldehyde metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetaldehyde, a colorless, flammable liquid intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol.


go_id: GO:0006119
term: oxidative phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that accompanies the oxidation of a metabolite through the operation of the respiratory chain. Oxidation of compounds establishes a proton gradient across the membrane, providing the energy for ATP synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006121
term: mitochondrial electron transport, succinate to ubiquinone
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from succinate to ubiquinone that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex II.


go_id: GO:0006122
term: mitochondrial electron transport, ubiquinol to cytochrome c
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from ubiquinol to cytochrome c that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex III.


go_id: GO:0006123
term: mitochondrial electron transport, cytochrome c to oxygen
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of electrons from cytochrome c to oxygen that occurs during oxidative phosphorylation, mediated by the multisubunit enzyme known as complex IV.


go_id: GO:0006124
term: ferredoxin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ferredoxin, any simple, nonenzymatic iron-sulfur protein that is characterized by having equal numbers of atoms of iron and labile sulfur. Iron and sulfur atoms are present in one or two clusters of two or four atoms of each.


go_id: GO:0006127
term: glycerophosphate shuttle
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of transferring reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondria; NADH is used to synthesise glycerol 3-phosphate in the cytosol; this compound is then transported into the mitochondria where it is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) using FAD; DHAP then returns to the cytosol to complete the cycle.


go_id: GO:0006140
term: regulation of nucleotide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving nucleotides.


go_id: GO:0006141
term: regulation of purine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving purines.


go_id: GO:0006142
term: regulation of pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases.


go_id: GO:0006144
term: purine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


go_id: GO:0006145
term: purine nucleobase catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleobases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, which include adenine and guanine.


go_id: GO:0006146
term: adenine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenine, 6-aminopurine, one of the 5 main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of numerous important derivatives of its corresponding ribonucleoside, adenosine.


go_id: GO:0006147
term: guanine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, a purine that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids and a component of a number of phosphorylated guanosine derivatives whose metabolic or regulatory functions are important.


go_id: GO:0006148
term: inosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, a nucleoside found free but not in combination in nucleic acids except in the anticodons of some tRNAs.


go_id: GO:0006149
term: deoxyinosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyinosine, hypoxanthine deoxyriboside.


go_id: GO:0006152
term: purine nucleoside catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of purine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a purine base covalently bonded to a sugar ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


go_id: GO:0006154
term: adenosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of adenosine, adenine riboside, a ribonucleoside found widely distributed in cells of every type as the free nucleoside and in combination in nucleic acids and various nucleoside coenzymes.


go_id: GO:0006157
term: deoxyadenosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyadenosine, 2-deoxyribosyladenine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006161
term: deoxyguanosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyguanosine, a nucleoside consisting of the base guanine and the sugar deoxyribose.


go_id: GO:0006163
term: purine nucleotide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006164
term: purine nucleotide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006165
term: nucleoside diphosphate phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into a nucleoside diphosphate to produce a nucleoside triphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006168
term: adenine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates adenine, 6-aminopurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006169
term: adenosine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates adenosine, adenine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006170
term: dAMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dAMP, deoxyadenosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006171
term: cAMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


go_id: GO:0006173
term: dADP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-diphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006174
term: dADP phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dADP, deoxyadenosine diphosphate, to produce dATP.


go_id: GO:0006175
term: dATP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006176
term: dATP biosynthetic process from ADP
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dATP, deoxyadenosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including ADP, adenosine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006178
term: guanine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates guanine, 2-amino-6-hydroxypurine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006179
term: guanosine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates guanosine, guanine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006181
term: dGMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGMP, deoxyguanosine monophosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006182
term: cGMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cyclic GMP, guanosine 3',5'-phosphate.


go_id: GO:0006185
term: dGDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-diphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006186
term: dGDP phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into dGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate, to produce dGTP.


go_id: GO:0006187
term: dGTP biosynthetic process from dGDP
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dGTP, deoxyguanosine triphosphate (2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate) from other compounds, including gGDP, deoxyguanosine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006189
term: 'de novo' IMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of IMP, inosine monophosphate, by the stepwise assembly of a purine ring on ribose 5-phosphate.


go_id: GO:0006190
term: inosine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates inosine, hypoxanthine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006195
term: purine nucleotide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a purine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a purine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006198
term: cAMP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of the nucleotide cAMP (cyclic AMP, adenosine 3',5'-cyclophosphate).


go_id: GO:0006201
term: GMP catabolic process to IMP
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including inosine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006202
term: GMP catabolic process to guanine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of guanosine monophosphate into other compounds, including guanine.


go_id: GO:0006206
term: pyrimidine nucleobase metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


go_id: GO:0006207
term: 'de novo' pyrimidine nucleobase biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases, beginning with the synthesis of a pyrimidine ring from simpler precursors.


go_id: GO:0006208
term: pyrimidine nucleobase catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of pyrimidine nucleobases, 1,3-diazine, organic nitrogenous bases.


go_id: GO:0006209
term: cytosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytosine, 4-amino-2-hydroxypyrimidine, a pyrimidine derivative that is one of the five main bases found in nucleic acids; it occurs widely in cytidine derivatives.


go_id: GO:0006210
term: thymine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymine, 5-methyluracil, one of the two major pyrimidine bases present (as thymidine) in DNA but not found in RNA other than (as ribothymidine) in transfer RNA, where it is a minor base.


go_id: GO:0006211
term: 5-methylcytosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of 5-methylcytosine, a methylated base of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006212
term: uracil catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, one of the pyrimidine bases occurring in RNA, but not in DNA.


go_id: GO:0006213
term: pyrimidine nucleoside metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any pyrimidine nucleoside, one of a family of organic molecules consisting of a pyrimidine base covalently bonded to ribose (a ribonucleoside) or deoxyribose (a deoxyribonucleoside).


go_id: GO:0006214
term: thymidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of thymidine, deoxyribosylthymine thymine 2-deoxyriboside, a deoxynucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in deoxynucleotides and deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA.


go_id: GO:0006216
term: cytidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cytidine, cytosine riboside, a widely distributed nucleoside.


go_id: GO:0006217
term: deoxycytidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006218
term: uridine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of uridine, uracil riboside, a ribonucleoside very widely distributed but occurring almost entirely as phosphoric esters in ribonucleotides and ribonucleic acids.


go_id: GO:0006219
term: deoxyuridine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of deoxyuridine, 2-deoxyribosyluracil, one of the four major nucleosides of DNA.


go_id: GO:0006220
term: pyrimidine nucleotide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006221
term: pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006223
term: uracil salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates uracil, 2,4-dioxopyrimidine, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006226
term: dUMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUMP, deoxyuridine monophosphate (2'-deoxyuridine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006227
term: dUDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUDP, deoxyuridine diphosphate (2'-deoxy-5'-uridylyl phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006229
term: dUTP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dUTP, deoxyuridine (5'-)triphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006230
term: TMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of TMP, ribosylthymine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006231
term: dTMP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTMP, deoxyribosylthymine monophosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine 5'-phosphate).


go_id: GO:0006233
term: dTDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate (2'-deoxyribosylthymine5'-diphosphate).


go_id: GO:0006235
term: dTTP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dTTP, deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006236
term: cytidine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates cytidine, cytosine riboside, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006237
term: deoxycytidine salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates deoxycytidine, 2-deoxyribosylcytosine, from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006238
term: CMP salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates CMP, cytidine monophosphate, from derivatives of it without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006239
term: dCMP salvage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that generates dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate from derivatives of it, without de novo synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006240
term: dCDP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006244
term: pyrimidine nucleotide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a pyrimidine nucleotide, a compound consisting of nucleoside (a pyrimidine base linked to a deoxyribose or ribose sugar) esterified with a phosphate group at either the 3' or 5'-hydroxyl group of the sugar.


go_id: GO:0006246
term: dTDP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dTDP, deoxyribosylthymine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006249
term: dCMP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCMP, deoxycytidine monophosphate.


go_id: GO:0006251
term: dCDP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dCDP, deoxycytidine 5'-diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006257
term: dUDP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dUDP, deoxyuridine (5'-)diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006258
term: UDP-glucose catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of UDP-glucose, uridinediphosphoglucose, a substance composed of glucose in glycosidic linkage with uridine diphosphate.


go_id: GO:0006259
term: DNA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any cellular metabolic process involving deoxyribonucleic acid. This is one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from one, or more commonly, two, strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides.


go_id: GO:0006260
term: DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by initiation proteins, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA.


go_id: GO:0006261
term: DNA-templated DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
A DNA replication process that uses parental DNA as a template for the DNA-dependent DNA polymerases that synthesize the new strands.


go_id: GO:0006265
term: DNA topological change
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a transformation is induced in the topological structure of a double-stranded DNA helix, resulting in a change in linking number.


go_id: GO:0006267
term: pre-replicative complex assembly involved in nuclear cell cycle DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the nuclear pre-replicative complex, a protein-DNA complex that forms at the eukaryotic DNA replication origin and is required for replication initiation.


go_id: GO:0006268
term: DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0006269
term: DNA replication, synthesis of RNA primer
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of a short RNA polymer, usually 4-15 nucleotides long, using one strand of unwound DNA as a template; the RNA then serves as a primer from which DNA polymerases extend synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006270
term: DNA replication initiation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which DNA-dependent DNA replication is started; this begins with the ATP dependent loading of an initiator complex onto the DNA, this is followed by DNA melting and helicase activity. In bacteria, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are loaded after the initial melting and in archaea and eukaryotes, the gene products that enable the helicase activity are inactive when they are loaded and subsequently activate.


go_id: GO:0006271
term: DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0006272
term: leading strand elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended continuously in a 5' to 3' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Leading strand elongation proceeds in the same direction as the replication fork.


go_id: GO:0006273
term: lagging strand elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which an existing DNA strand is extended in a net 3' to 5' direction by activities including the addition of nucleotides to the 3' end of the strand, complementary to an existing template, as part of DNA replication. Lagging strand DNA elongation proceeds by discontinuous synthesis of short stretches of DNA, known as Okazaki fragments, from RNA primers; these fragments are then joined by DNA ligase. Although each segment of nascent DNA is synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction, the overall direction of lagging strand synthesis is 3' to 5', mirroring the progress of the replication fork.


go_id: GO:0006274
term: DNA replication termination
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which DNA replication at a replication fork ceases; occurs when the replication fork reaches a specific termination site or when two replication forks meet.


go_id: GO:0006276
term: plasmid maintenance
ontology: BP
definition:
The maintenance of the integrity of extrachromosomal plasmid DNA; includes processes that ensure plasmids are retained in the daughter cells after cell division.


go_id: GO:0006277
term: DNA amplification
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the number of copies of a gene is increased in certain cells as extra copies of DNA are made in response to certain signals of cell development or of stress from the environment.


go_id: GO:0006278
term: RNA-templated DNA biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
A DNA biosynthetic process that uses RNA as a template for RNA-dependent DNA polymerases (e.g. reverse transcriptase) that synthesize the new strand.


go_id: GO:0006281
term: DNA repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway.


go_id: GO:0006283
term: transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The nucleotide-excision repair process that carries out preferential repair of DNA lesions on the actively transcribed strand of the DNA duplex. In addition, the transcription-coupled nucleotide-excision repair pathway is required for the recognition and repair of a small subset of lesions that are not recognized by the global genome nucleotide excision repair pathway.


go_id: GO:0006284
term: base-excision repair
ontology: BP
definition:
In base excision repair, an altered base is removed by a DNA glycosylase enzyme, followed by excision of the resulting sugar phosphate. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase.


go_id: GO:0006285
term: base-excision repair, AP site formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of an AP site, a deoxyribose sugar with a missing base, by DNA glycosylase which recognizes an altered base in DNA and catalyzes its hydrolytic removal. This sugar phosphate is the substrate recognized by the AP endonuclease, which cuts the DNA phosphodiester backbone at the 5' side of the altered site to leave a gap which is subsequently repaired.


go_id: GO:0006287
term: base-excision repair, gap-filling
ontology: BP
definition:
Repair of the damaged strand by the combined action of an apurinic endouclease that degrades a few bases on the damaged strand and a polymerase that synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' direction, using the undamaged strand as a template.


go_id: GO:0006288
term: base-excision repair, DNA ligation
ontology: BP
definition:
The ligation by DNA ligase of DNA strands. Ligation occurs after polymerase action to fill the gap left by the action of endonucleases during base-excision repair.


go_id: GO:0006289
term: nucleotide-excision repair
ontology: BP
definition:
A DNA repair process in which a small region of the strand surrounding the damage is removed from the DNA helix as an oligonucleotide. The small gap left in the DNA helix is filled in by the sequential action of DNA polymerase and DNA ligase. Nucleotide excision repair recognizes a wide range of substrates, including damage caused by UV irradiation (pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts) and chemicals (intrastrand cross-links and bulky adducts).


go_id: GO:0006293
term: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex stabilization
ontology: BP
definition:
The stabilization of the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage as well as the unwound DNA. The stabilization of the protein-DNA complex ensures proper positioning of the preincision complex before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006294
term: nucleotide-excision repair, preincision complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of proteins on DNA to form the multiprotein complex involved in damage recognition, DNA helix unwinding, and endonucleolytic cleavage at the site of DNA damage. This assembly occurs before the phosphodiester backbone of the damaged strand is cleaved 3' and 5' of the site of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006295
term: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 3'-to lesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 3' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision precedes the incision formed 5' to the site of damage.


go_id: GO:0006296
term: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA incision, 5'-to lesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The endonucleolytic cleavage of the damaged strand of DNA 5' to the site of damage. The incision occurs at the junction of single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA that is formed when the DNA duplex is unwound. The incision follows the incision formed 3' to the site of damage.


go_id: GO:0006297
term: nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling
ontology: BP
definition:
Repair of the gap in the DNA helix by DNA polymerase and DNA ligase after the portion of the strand containing the lesion has been removed by pyrimidine-dimer repair enzymes.


go_id: GO:0006298
term: mismatch repair
ontology: BP
definition:
A system for the correction of errors in which an incorrect base, which cannot form hydrogen bonds with the corresponding base in the parent strand, is incorporated into the daughter strand. The mismatch repair system promotes genomic fidelity by repairing base-base mismatches, insertion-deletion loops and heterologies generated during DNA replication and recombination.


go_id: GO:0006301
term: postreplication repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of DNA-damage induced single-stranded gaps into large molecular weight DNA after replication. Includes pathways that remove replication-blocking lesions in conjunction with DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0006302
term: double-strand break repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The repair of double-strand breaks in DNA via homologous and nonhomologous mechanisms to reform a continuous DNA helix.


go_id: GO:0006303
term: double-strand break repair via nonhomologous end joining
ontology: BP
definition:
The repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the two broken ends are rejoined with little or no sequence complementarity. Information at the DNA ends may be lost due to the modification of broken DNA ends. This term covers instances of separate pathways, called classical (or canonical) and alternative nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ and A-NHEJ). These in turn may further branch into sub-pathways, but evidence is still unclear.


go_id: GO:0006304
term: DNA modification
ontology: BP
definition:
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotide sites in DNA, resulting in a change in its properties.


go_id: GO:0006305
term: DNA alkylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of alkyl groups to many positions on all four bases of DNA. Alkylating agents can also modify the bases of incoming nucleotides in the course of DNA synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006307
term: DNA dealkylation involved in DNA repair
ontology: BP
definition:
The repair of alkylation damage, e.g. the removal of the alkyl group at the O6-position of guanine by O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGT).


go_id: GO:0006308
term: DNA catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular DNA metabolic process resulting in the breakdown of DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, one of the two main types of nucleic acid, consisting of a long unbranched macromolecule formed from one or two strands of linked deoxyribonucleotides, the 3'-phosphate group of each constituent deoxyribonucleotide being joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage to the 5'-hydroxyl group of the deoxyribose moiety of the next one.


go_id: GO:0006309
term: apoptotic DNA fragmentation
ontology: BP
definition:
The cleavage of DNA during apoptosis, which usually occurs in two stages: cleavage into fragments of about 50 kbp followed by cleavage between nucleosomes to yield 200 bp fragments.


go_id: GO:0006310
term: DNA recombination
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction.


go_id: GO:0006311
term: meiotic gene conversion
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which genetic information is transferred from one helix to another. It often occurs in association with general genetic recombination events, and is believed to be a straightforward consequence of the mechanisms of general recombination and DNA repair. For example, meiosis might yield three copies of the maternal version of an allele and only one copy of the paternal allele, indicating that one of the two copies of the paternal allele has been changed to a copy of the maternal allele.


go_id: GO:0006312
term: mitotic recombination
ontology: BP
definition:
The exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between one DNA molecule and a homologous DNA region that occurs during mitotic cell cycles.


go_id: GO:0006313
term: transposition, DNA-mediated
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in a type of transpositional recombination which occurs via a DNA intermediate.


go_id: GO:0006314
term: intron homing
ontology: BP
definition:
Lateral transfer of an intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron.


go_id: GO:0006315
term: homing of group II introns
ontology: BP
definition:
Lateral transfer of a group II intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group II introns are self-splicing introns with a conserved secondary structure.


go_id: GO:0006316
term: movement of group I intron
ontology: BP
definition:
Lateral transfer of a group I intron to a homologous allele that lacks the intron, mediated by a site-specific endonuclease encoded within the mobile intron; group I introns are self-splicing introns that use guanosine as a cofactor in the splicing reaction.


go_id: GO:0006325
term: chromatin organization
ontology: BP
definition:
The assembly or remodeling of chromatin composed of DNA complexed with histones, other associated proteins, and sometimes RNA.


go_id: GO:0006334
term: nucleosome assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a nucleosome, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


go_id: GO:0006337
term: nucleosome disassembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The controlled breakdown of nucleosomes, the beadlike structural units of eukaryotic chromatin composed of histones and DNA.


go_id: GO:0006338
term: chromatin remodeling
ontology: BP
definition:
A dynamic process of chromatin reorganization resulting in changes to chromatin structure. These changes allow DNA metabolic processes such as transcriptional regulation, DNA recombination, DNA repair, and DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0006349
term: regulation of gene expression by genomic imprinting
ontology: BP
definition:
An epigenetic mechanism of regulation of gene expression in which epigenetic modifications (imprints) are established during gametogenesis. For a given gene to show parentally biased expression, the imprint are established exclusively in one of the two parental genomes, thus generating an asymmetry between the maternal and paternal alleles.


go_id: GO:0006352
term: DNA-templated transcription initiation
ontology: BP
definition:
The initial step of transcription, consisting of the assembly of the RNA polymerase preinitiation complex (PIC) at a gene promoter, as well as the formation of the first few bonds of the RNA transcript. Transcription initiation includes abortive initiation events, which occur when the first few nucleotides are repeatedly synthesized and then released, and ends when promoter clearance takes place.


go_id: GO:0006353
term: DNA-templated transcription termination
ontology: BP
definition:
The completion of transcription: the RNA polymerase pauses, the RNA-DNA hybrid dissociates, followed by the release of the RNA polymerase from its DNA template.


go_id: GO:0006354
term: DNA-templated transcription elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by an RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006356
term: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase I.


go_id: GO:0006357
term: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0006359
term: regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of transcription mediated by RNA ploymerase III.


go_id: GO:0006360
term: transcription by RNA polymerase I
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase I (RNAP I), originating at an RNAP I promoter.


go_id: GO:0006361
term: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase I promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase I gene promoter. Ribosomal RNAs (rRNA) genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase I.


go_id: GO:0006362
term: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase I specific promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase I.


go_id: GO:0006363
term: termination of RNA polymerase I transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription termination process that completes the production of a  ribosomal RNA transcript. RNAP I termination requires binding of a terminator protein to specific sequences downstream of the transcription unit.


go_id: GO:0006364
term: rRNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcript into one or more mature rRNA molecules.


go_id: GO:0006366
term: transcription by RNA polymerase II
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II), originating at an RNA polymerase II promoter. Includes transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and certain small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs).


go_id: GO:0006367
term: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase II gene promoter. Messenger RNAs (mRNA) genes, as well as some non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0006368
term: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase II promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase II promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0006369
term: termination of RNA polymerase II transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript.


go_id: GO:0006378
term: mRNA polyadenylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The enzymatic addition of a sequence of 40-200 adenylyl residues at the 3' end of a eukaryotic mRNA primary transcript.


go_id: GO:0006379
term: mRNA cleavage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which a pre-mRNA or mRNA molecule is cleaved at specific sites or in a regulated manner.


go_id: GO:0006383
term: transcription by RNA polymerase III
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of RNA from a DNA template by RNA polymerase III, originating at an RNAP III promoter.


go_id: GO:0006384
term: transcription initiation at RNA polymerase III promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription initiation process that takes place at a RNA polymerase III gene promoter. Transfer RNAs (tRNA) genes, as well as some other non-coding RNAs, are transcribed by RNA polymerase III.


go_id: GO:0006385
term: transcription elongation by RNA polymerase III promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at an RNA polymerase III promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by RNA polymerase III.


go_id: GO:0006386
term: termination of RNA polymerase III transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary RNA polymerase II transcript. RNA polymerase III has an intrinsic ability to terminate transcription upon incorporation of at least 4 contiguous U residues.


go_id: GO:0006388
term: tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation
ontology: BP
definition:
Splicing of tRNA substrates via recognition of the folded RNA structure that brings the 5' and 3' splice sites into proximity and cleavage of the RNA at both the 3' and 5' splice sites by an endonucleolytic mechanism, followed by ligation of the exons.


go_id: GO:0006390
term: mitochondrial transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of RNA from a mitochondrial DNA template, usually by a specific mitochondrial RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006392
term: transcription elongation by mitochondrial RNA polymerase
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension of an RNA molecule after transcription initiation and promoter clearance at mitochondrial promoter by the addition of ribonucleotides catalyzed by a mitchondrial RNA polymerase.


go_id: GO:0006393
term: termination of mitochondrial transcription
ontology: BP
definition:
A transcription termination process that completes the production of a primary mitochondrial transcript.


go_id: GO:0006396
term: RNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the conversion of one or more primary RNA transcripts into one or more mature RNA molecules.


go_id: GO:0006397
term: mRNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the conversion of a primary mRNA transcript into one or more mature mRNA(s) prior to translation into polypeptide.


go_id: GO:0006398
term: mRNA 3'-end processing by stem-loop binding and cleavage
ontology: BP
definition:
Any mRNA 3'-end processing that involves the binding to and cleavage of a stem-loop structure. For example, histone mRNAs contain a highly conserved stem-loop sequence at the 3' end of the mRNA with a 6 base pairs (bp) stem and a 4-nt loop. The mRNA is cleaved between these two elements, after the fourth or fifth nucleotide, which is typically an adenosine.


go_id: GO:0006399
term: tRNA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tRNA, transfer RNA, a class of relatively small RNA molecules responsible for mediating the insertion of amino acids into the sequence of nascent polypeptide chains during protein synthesis. Transfer RNA is characterized by the presence of many unusual minor bases, the function of which has not been completely established.


go_id: GO:0006400
term: tRNA modification
ontology: BP
definition:
The covalent alteration of one or more nucleotides within a tRNA molecule to produce a tRNA molecule with a sequence that differs from that coded genetically.


go_id: GO:0006401
term: RNA catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of RNA, ribonucleic acid, one of the two main type of nucleic acid, consisting of a long, unbranched macromolecule formed from ribonucleotides joined in 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage.


go_id: GO:0006402
term: mRNA catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mRNA, messenger RNA, which is responsible for carrying the coded genetic 'message', transcribed from DNA, to sites of protein assembly at the ribosomes.


go_id: GO:0006407
term: rRNA export from nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of rRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm; the rRNA is usually in the form of ribonucleoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006412
term: translation
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular metabolic process in which a protein is formed, using the sequence of a mature mRNA or circRNA molecule to specify the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. Translation is mediated by the ribosome, and begins with the formation of a ternary complex between aminoacylated initiator methionine tRNA, GTP, and initiation factor 2, which subsequently associates with the small subunit of the ribosome and an mRNA or circRNA. Translation ends with the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome.


go_id: GO:0006413
term: translational initiation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process preceding formation of the peptide bond between the first two amino acids of a protein. This includes the formation of a complex of the ribosome, mRNA or circRNA, and an initiation complex that contains the first aminoacyl-tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006414
term: translational elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The successive addition of amino acid residues to a nascent polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006415
term: translational termination
ontology: BP
definition:
The process resulting in the release of a polypeptide chain from the ribosome, usually in response to a termination codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA in the universal genetic code).


go_id: GO:0006417
term: regulation of translation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proteins by the translation of mRNA or circRNA.


go_id: GO:0006418
term: tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis of aminoacyl tRNA by the formation of an ester bond between the 3'-hydroxyl group of the most 3' adenosine of the tRNA and the alpha carboxylic acid  group of an amino acid, to be used in ribosome-mediated polypeptide synthesis.


go_id: GO:0006419
term: alanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling alanine to alanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by alanyl-tRNA synthetase. The alanyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetases. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006420
term: arginyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling arginine to arginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by arginyl-tRNA synthetase. The arginyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of an alanine accetping tRNA.  The  2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006421
term: asparaginyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling asparagine to asparaginyl-tRNA, catalyzed by asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase. The asparaginyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an asparagine-accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006422
term: aspartyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling aspartate to aspartyl-tRNA, catalyzed by aspartyl-tRNA synthetase. The aspartyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of an aspartic acid  accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006423
term: cysteinyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling cysteine to cysteinyl-tRNA, catalyzed by cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase. A cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a cysteine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006424
term: glutamyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling glutamate to glutamyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutamyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamic acid-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006425
term: glutaminyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling glutamine to glutaminyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase. The glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a glutamine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006426
term: glycyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling glycine to glycyl-tRNA, catalyzed by glycyl-tRNA synthetase. The glycyll-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a glycine-accepting tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006427
term: histidyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling histidine to histidyl-tRNA, catalyzed by histidyl-tRNA synthetase. The histidyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3''-OH group of a histidine-accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006428
term: isoleucyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling isoleucine to isoleucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. The isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a isoleucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006429
term: leucyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling leucine to leucyl-tRNA, catalyzed by leucyl-tRNA synthetase. The leucyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a leucine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006430
term: lysyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling lysine to lysyl-tRNA, catalyzed by lysyl-tRNA synthetase. The lysyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a lysine-accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006431
term: methionyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling methionine to methionyl-tRNA, catalyzed by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. The methionyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006432
term: phenylalanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling phenylalanine to phenylalanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase. The phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. However, unlike other class II enzymes, The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a phenylalanine-accepting tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006433
term: prolyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling proline to prolyl-tRNA, catalyzed by prolyl-tRNA synthetase. The prolyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a methionine-accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006434
term: seryl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling serine to seryl-tRNA, catalyzed by seryl-tRNA synthetase. The seryl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a serine-accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006435
term: threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling threonine to threonyl-tRNA, catalyzed by threonyl-tRNA synthetase. The threonyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-II synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 3'-OH group of a threonine-accetping tRNA.


go_id: GO:0006436
term: tryptophanyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling tryptophan to tryptophanyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase. The tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tryptophan-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006437
term: tyrosyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling tyrosine to tyrosyl-tRNA, catalyzed by tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase. The tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase is a class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a tyrosine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006438
term: valyl-tRNA aminoacylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of coupling valine to valyl-tRNA, catalyzed by valyl-tRNA synthetase. The valyl-tRNA synthetase is a  class-I synthetase. The activated amino acid is transferred to the 2'-OH group of a valine-accetping tRNA. The 2'-O-aminoacyl-tRNA will ultimately migrate to the 3' position via transesterification.


go_id: GO:0006447
term: regulation of translational initiation by iron
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the translation of certain mRNAs involved in iron metabolism; regulated by the concentration of iron.


go_id: GO:0006450
term: regulation of translational fidelity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the ability of the translational apparatus to interpret the genetic code.


go_id: GO:0006451
term: translational readthrough
ontology: BP
definition:
The continuation of translation beyond a stop codon by the use of a special tRNA that recognizes the UAG and UGA codons as modified amino acids, rather than as termination codons.


go_id: GO:0006452
term: translational frameshifting
ontology: BP
definition:
A mechanism whereby different proteins may result from a single mRNA molecule, due to a change in the parsing of three nucleotides per codon relative to an initiating AUG codon.


go_id: GO:0006457
term: protein folding
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of assisting in the covalent and noncovalent assembly of single chain polypeptides or multisubunit complexes into the correct tertiary structure.


go_id: GO:0006458
term: 'de novo' protein folding
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of assisting in the folding of a nascent peptide chain into its correct tertiary structure.


go_id: GO:0006463
term: steroid hormone receptor complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a steroid hormone receptor complex, an intracellular receptor that binds steroid hormones. The complex is often a dimer, and forms after the steroid has bound the receptor.


go_id: GO:0006465
term: signal peptide processing
ontology: BP
definition:
The proteolytic removal of a signal peptide from a protein during or after transport to a specific location in the cell.


go_id: GO:0006469
term: negative regulation of protein kinase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of protein kinase activity.


go_id: GO:0006473
term: protein acetylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of an acetyl group to a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


go_id: GO:0006476
term: protein deacetylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The removal of an acetyl group from a protein amino acid. An acetyl group is CH3CO-, derived from acetic [ethanoic] acid.


go_id: GO:0006479
term: protein methylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of a methyl group to a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


go_id: GO:0006482
term: protein demethylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The removal of a methyl group, from a protein amino acid. A methyl group is derived from methane by the removal of a hydrogen atom.


go_id: GO:0006486
term: protein glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein modification process that results in the addition of a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit to a protein amino acid, e.g. the addition of glycan chains to proteins.


go_id: GO:0006487
term: protein N-linked glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the N4 atom of peptidyl-asparagine, the omega-N of arginine, or the N1' atom peptidyl-tryptophan.


go_id: GO:0006488
term: dolichol-linked oligosaccharide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichol-linked oligosaccharide, usually by a stepwise addition of glycosyl chains to endoplasmic reticulum membrane-bound dolichol-P.


go_id: GO:0006489
term: dolichyl diphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dolichyl diphosphate, a diphosphorylated dolichol derivative.


go_id: GO:0006490
term: oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an oligosaccharide-lipid intermediate, such as a molecule of dolichol-P-man or dolicol-P-Glc used in N-linked glycosylation.


go_id: GO:0006491
term: N-glycan processing
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of N-linked glycan (N = nitrogen) structures from the initially transferred oligosaccharide to a mature form, by the actions of glycosidases and glycosyltransferases. The early processing steps are conserved and play roles in glycoprotein folding and trafficking.


go_id: GO:0006493
term: protein O-linked glycosylation
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein glycosylation process in which a carbohydrate or carbohydrate derivative unit is added to a protein via the hydroxyl group of peptidyl-serine, peptidyl-threonine, peptidyl-hydroxylysine, or peptidyl-hydroxyproline, or via the phenol group of peptidyl-tyrosine, forming an O-glycan.


go_id: GO:0006505
term: GPI anchor metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, molecular mechanisms for attaching membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Structurally they consist of a molecule of phosphatidylinositol to which is linked, via the C-6 hydroxyl of the inositol, a carbohydrate chain. This chain is in turn linked to the protein through an ethanolamine phosphate group, the amino group of which is in amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein chain, the phosphate group being esterified to the C-6 hydroxyl of the terminal mannose of the core carbohydrate chain.


go_id: GO:0006506
term: GPI anchor biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor that attaches some membrane proteins to the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The phosphatidylinositol group is linked via the C-6 hydroxyl residue of inositol to a carbohydrate chain which is itself linked to the protein via an ethanolamine phosphate group, its amino group forming an amide linkage with the C-terminal carboxyl of the protein. Some GPI anchors have variants on this canonical linkage.


go_id: GO:0006507
term: GPI anchor release
ontology: BP
definition:
The GPI anchor metabolic process that results in enzymatic cleavage of the anchor, releasing an anchored protein from the membrane.


go_id: GO:0006508
term: proteolysis
ontology: BP
definition:
The hydrolysis of proteins into smaller polypeptides and/or amino acids by cleavage of their peptide bonds.


go_id: GO:0006509
term: membrane protein ectodomain proteolysis
ontology: BP
definition:
The proteolytic cleavage of transmembrane proteins and release of their ectodomain (extracellular domain).


go_id: GO:0006511
term: ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein or peptide by hydrolysis of its peptide bonds, initiated by the covalent attachment of a ubiquitin group, or multiple ubiquitin groups, to the protein.


go_id: GO:0006516
term: glycoprotein catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a glycoprotein, a protein that contains covalently bound glycose (i.e. monosaccharide) residues; the glycose occurs most commonly as oligosaccharide or fairly small polysaccharide but occasionally as monosaccharide.


go_id: GO:0006518
term: peptide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving peptides, compounds of two or more amino acids where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another.


go_id: GO:0006520
term: cellular amino acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids, carboxylic acids containing one or more amino groups, as carried out by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006521
term: regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving amino acids.


go_id: GO:0006526
term: arginine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006527
term: arginine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of arginine, 2-amino-5-(carbamimidamido)pentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006529
term: asparagine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006530
term: asparagine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of asparagine, 2-amino-3-carbamoylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006531
term: aspartate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006532
term: aspartate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006533
term: aspartate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of aspartate, the anion derived from aspartic acid, 2-aminobutanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006535
term: cysteine biosynthetic process from serine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cysteine from other compounds, including serine.


go_id: GO:0006537
term: glutamate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006538
term: glutamate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, the anion of 2-aminopentanedioic acid.


go_id: GO:0006539
term: glutamate catabolic process via 2-oxoglutarate
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamate, via the intermediate 2-oxoglutarate.


go_id: GO:0006540
term: glutamate decarboxylation to succinate
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of succinate from glutamate. Also known as GABA (gamma-aminobutyrate) shunt since it channels glutamate into the TCA cycle bypassing two steps of that cycle. There are three enzymes involved in the GABA shunt: glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), GABA aminotransferase (GABA-TA), and succinate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH). These three enzymes acting in concert to convert glutamate into succinate. The GABA shunt is predominantly associated with neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. It is also present in nonneuronal cells, in plants, in unicellular eukaryotes, and in prokaryotes.


go_id: GO:0006542
term: glutamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006543
term: glutamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006547
term: histidine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006548
term: histidine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of histidine, 2-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006550
term: isoleucine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of isoleucine, (2R*,3R*)-2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006552
term: leucine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of leucine, 2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006555
term: methionine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving methionine (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid), a sulfur-containing, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006556
term: S-adenosylmethionine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of S-adenosylmethionine, S-(5'-adenosyl)-L-methionine, an important intermediate in one-carbon metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006558
term: L-phenylalanine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-phenylalanine, the L-enantiomer of 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006559
term: L-phenylalanine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phenylalanine, 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006560
term: proline metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006561
term: proline biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006562
term: proline catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of proline (pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid), a chiral, cyclic, nonessential alpha-amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006563
term: L-serine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006564
term: L-serine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006565
term: L-serine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of L-serine, the L-enantiomer of serine, i.e. (2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006566
term: threonine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006567
term: threonine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of threonine (2-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid), a polar, uncharged, essential amino acid found in peptide linkage in proteins.


go_id: GO:0006568
term: tryptophan metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006569
term: tryptophan catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tryptophan, the chiral amino acid 2-amino-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006570
term: tyrosine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006571
term: tyrosine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006572
term: tyrosine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of tyrosine, an aromatic amino acid, 2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006574
term: valine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of valine, 2-amino-3-methylbutanoic acid.


go_id: GO:0006575
term: cellular modified amino acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving compounds derived from amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents.


go_id: GO:0006576
term: cellular biogenic amine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways occurring at the level of individual cells involving any of a group of naturally occurring, biologically active amines, such as norepinephrine, histamine, and serotonin, many of which act as neurotransmitters.


go_id: GO:0006577
term: amino-acid betaine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


go_id: GO:0006578
term: amino-acid betaine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


go_id: GO:0006579
term: amino-acid betaine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any betaine, the N-trimethyl derivative of an amino acid.


go_id: GO:0006580
term: ethanolamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol), an important water-soluble base of phospholipid (phosphatidylethanolamine).


go_id: GO:0006581
term: acetylcholine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


go_id: GO:0006582
term: melanin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving melanins, pigments largely of animal origin. High molecular weight polymers of indole quinone, they are irregular polymeric structures and are divided into three groups: allomelanins in the plant kingdom and eumelanins and phaeomelanins in the animal kingdom.


go_id: GO:0006583
term: melanin biosynthetic process from tyrosine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of melanin from other compounds, including tyrosine.


go_id: GO:0006584
term: catecholamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a group of physiologically important biogenic amines that possess a catechol (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) nucleus and are derivatives of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine.


go_id: GO:0006585
term: dopamine biosynthetic process from tyrosine
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dopamine (3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine) from L-tyrosine, via the metabolic precursor 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (L-dopa). Dopamine is a catecholamine neurotransmitter and a metabolic precursor of norepinephrine and epinephrine.


go_id: GO:0006586
term: indolalkylamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving indolalkylamines, indole or indole derivatives containing a primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.


go_id: GO:0006587
term: serotonin biosynthetic process from tryptophan
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation from tryptophan of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems, also having hormonal properties.


go_id: GO:0006588
term: activation of tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the tryptophan 5-monooxygenase enzyme is changed so that it can carry out its enzymatic activity.


go_id: GO:0006589
term: octopamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of octopamine, 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethanol. The D enantiomer is about one-tenth as active as norepinephrine and is found in the salivary glands of Octopus and Eledone species.


go_id: GO:0006590
term: thyroid hormone generation
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of either of the compounds secreted by the thyroid gland, mainly thyroxine and triiodothyronine. This is achieved by the iodination and joining of tyrosine molecules to form the precursor thyroglobin, proteolysis of this precursor gives rise to the thyroid hormones.


go_id: GO:0006591
term: ornithine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006592
term: ornithine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006593
term: ornithine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ornithine, an amino acid only rarely found in proteins, but which is important in living organisms as an intermediate in the reactions of the urea cycle and in arginine biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006595
term: polyamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


go_id: GO:0006596
term: polyamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


go_id: GO:0006597
term: spermine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses and involved in nucleic acid packaging.


go_id: GO:0006598
term: polyamine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of polyamines, any organic compound containing two or more amino groups.


go_id: GO:0006599
term: phosphagen metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphagen, any of a group of guanidine phosphates that occur in muscle and can be used to regenerate ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.


go_id: GO:0006600
term: creatine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving creatine (N-(aminoiminomethyl)-N-methylglycine), a compound synthesized from the amino acids arginine, glycine, and methionine that occurs in muscle.


go_id: GO:0006601
term: creatine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of creatine, N-[amino(imino)methyl]-N-methylglycine. Creatine is formed by a process beginning with amidino group transfer from L-arginine to glycine to form guanidinoacetate, followed by methyl group transfer from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to guanidinoacetate; it is then is phosphorylated to form a pool that stores high energy phosphate for the replenishment of ATP during periods of high, or fluctuating energy demand. In animals, most creatine is transported to and used in muscle.


go_id: GO:0006602
term: creatinine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of creatinine, 2-amino-1,5-dihydro-1-methyl-4H-imidazol-4-one, an end product of creatine metabolism and a normal constituent of urine.


go_id: GO:0006603
term: phosphocreatine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphocreatine, a phosphagen of creatine present in high concentration in striated muscle which is synthesized and broken down by creatine phosphokinase to buffer ATP concentration. It acts as an immediate energy reserve for muscle.


go_id: GO:0006604
term: phosphoarginine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphoarginine, a phosphagen of L-arginine with phosphoric acid containing the phosphoamide bond. It is a source of energy in the contraction of muscle in invertebrates, corresponding to phosphocreatine in the muscles of vertebrates.


go_id: GO:0006605
term: protein targeting
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of targeting specific proteins to particular regions of the cell, typically membrane-bounded subcellular organelles. Usually requires an organelle specific protein sequence motif.


go_id: GO:0006607
term: NLS-bearing protein import into nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a protein bearing a nuclear localization signal (NLS) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear envelope.


go_id: GO:0006610
term: ribosomal protein import into nucleus
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a ribosomal protein from the cytoplasm into the nucleus, across the nuclear membrane. At least some ribosomal proteins, including rpl12, uses the importin 11 pathway as a major route into the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0006612
term: protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards a membrane, usually using signals contained within the protein.


go_id: GO:0006613
term: cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation. The transport of most secretory proteins, particularly those with more than 100 amino acids, into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen occurs in this manner, as does the import of some proteins into mitochondria.


go_id: GO:0006614
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs during translation and is dependent upon two key components, the signal-recognition particle (SRP) and the SRP receptor. SRP is a cytosolic particle that transiently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) signal sequence in a nascent protein, to the large ribosomal unit, and to the SRP receptor in the ER membrane.


go_id: GO:0006615
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, docking
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which an SRP-bound ribosome forms a complex with the SRP receptor in the ER membrane, allowing the ribosome to bind to the membrane, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


go_id: GO:0006616
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, translocation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process during cotranslational membrane targeting wherein proteins move across a membrane. SRP and its receptor initiate the transfer of the nascent chain across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane; they then dissociate from the chain, which is transferred to a set of transmembrane proteins, collectively called the translocon. Once the nascent chain translocon complex is assembled, the elongating chain passes directly from the large ribosomal subunit into the centers of the translocon, a protein-lined channel within the membrane. The growing chain is never exposed to the cytosol and does not fold until it reaches the ER lumen.


go_id: GO:0006617
term: SRP-dependent cotranslational protein targeting to membrane, signal sequence recognition
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which SRP binds to the signal peptide in a nascent protein, causing protein elongation to pause, during cotranslational membrane targeting.


go_id: GO:0006620
term: post-translational protein targeting to endoplasmic reticulum membrane
ontology: BP
definition:
The targeting of proteins to a membrane that occurs after their translation. Some secretory proteins exhibit posttranslational transport into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen: they are synthesized in their entirety on free cytosolic ribosomes and then released into the cytosol, where they are bound by chaperones which keep them in an unfolded state, and subsequently are translocated across the ER membrane.


go_id: GO:0006621
term: protein retention in ER lumen
ontology: BP
definition:
The retention in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen of soluble resident proteins. Sorting receptors retrieve proteins with ER localization signals, such as KDEL and HDEL sequences or some transmembrane domains, that have escaped to the cis-Golgi network and return them to the ER. Abnormally folded proteins and unassembled subunits are also selectively retained in the ER.


go_id: GO:0006623
term: protein targeting to vacuole
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards the vacuole, usually using signals contained within the protein.


go_id: GO:0006624
term: vacuolar protein processing
ontology: BP
definition:
Protein processing that takes place in the vacuole. Most protein processing in the vacuole represents proteolytic cleavage of precursors to form active enzymes.


go_id: GO:0006625
term: protein targeting to peroxisome
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards the peroxisome, usually using signals contained within the protein.


go_id: GO:0006626
term: protein targeting to mitochondrion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of directing proteins towards and into the mitochondrion, usually mediated by mitochondrial proteins that recognize signals contained within the imported protein.


go_id: GO:0006627
term: protein processing involved in protein targeting to mitochondrion
ontology: BP
definition:
The cleavage of peptide bonds in proteins, usually near the N terminus, contributing to the process of import into the mitochondrion. Several different peptidases mediate cleavage of proteins destined for different mitochondrial compartments.


go_id: GO:0006629
term: lipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipids, compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent. Includes fatty acids; neutral fats, other fatty-acid esters, and soaps; long-chain (fatty) alcohols and waxes; sphingoids and other long-chain bases; glycolipids, phospholipids and sphingolipids; and carotenes, polyprenols, sterols, terpenes and other isoprenoids.


go_id: GO:0006631
term: fatty acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis.


go_id: GO:0006633
term: fatty acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a fatty acid, any of the aliphatic monocarboxylic acids that can be liberated by hydrolysis from naturally occurring fats and oils. Fatty acids are predominantly straight-chain acids of 4 to 24 carbon atoms, which may be saturated or unsaturated; branched fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids also occur, and very long chain acids of over 30 carbons are found in waxes.


go_id: GO:0006634
term: hexadecanal biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hexadecanal, the C16 straight chain aldehyde.


go_id: GO:0006635
term: fatty acid beta-oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
A fatty acid oxidation process that results in the complete oxidation of a long-chain fatty acid. Fatty acid beta-oxidation begins with the addition of coenzyme A to a fatty acid, and occurs by successive cycles of reactions during each of which the fatty acid is shortened by a two-carbon fragment removed as acetyl coenzyme A; the cycle continues until only two or three carbons remain (as acetyl-CoA or propionyl-CoA respectively).


go_id: GO:0006636
term: unsaturated fatty acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an unsaturated fatty acid, any fatty acid containing one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.


go_id: GO:0006637
term: acyl-CoA metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acyl-CoA, any derivative of coenzyme A in which the sulfhydryl group is in thiolester linkage with an acyl group.


go_id: GO:0006638
term: neutral lipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving neutral lipids, lipids only soluble in solvents of very low polarity.


go_id: GO:0006639
term: acylglycerol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acylglycerol, any mono-, di- or triester of glycerol with (one or more) fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006640
term: monoacylglycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of monoacylglycerol, any ester of glycerol in which any one of its hydroxyl groups has been acylated with a fatty acid, the other being non-esterified.


go_id: GO:0006641
term: triglyceride metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triglyceride, any triester of glycerol. The three fatty acid residues may all be the same or differ in any permutation. Triglycerides are important components of plant oils, animal fats and animal plasma lipoproteins.


go_id: GO:0006642
term: triglyceride mobilization
ontology: BP
definition:
The release of triglycerides, any triester of glycerol, from storage within cells or tissues, making them available for metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006643
term: membrane lipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving membrane lipids, any lipid found in or associated with a biological membrane.


go_id: GO:0006644
term: phospholipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phospholipids, any lipid containing phosphoric acid as a mono- or diester.


go_id: GO:0006646
term: phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylethanolamine, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which a phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of ethanolamine.


go_id: GO:0006647
term: phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidyl-N-monomethylethanolamine (PMME), a derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine with a methylated amine group.


go_id: GO:0006648
term: dihydrosphingosine-1-P pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthetic process that proceeds via the enzymatic action of dihydrosphingosine phosphate lyase.


go_id: GO:0006650
term: glycerophospholipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerophospholipids, any derivative of glycerophosphate that contains at least one O-acyl, O-alkyl, or O-alkenyl group attached to the glycerol residue.


go_id: GO:0006651
term: diacylglycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of diacylglycerol, a glyceride in which any two of the R groups (positions not specified) are acyl groups while the remaining R group can be either H or an alkyl group.


go_id: GO:0006653
term: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, the compounds most commonly designated lecithin.


go_id: GO:0006654
term: phosphatidic acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidic acid, any derivative of glycerol phosphate in which both the remaining hydroxyl groups of the glycerol moiety are esterified with fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006655
term: phosphatidylglycerol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylglycerols, any of a class of phospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006656
term: phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylcholines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of choline.


go_id: GO:0006657
term: CDP-choline pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The phosphatidylcholine biosynthetic process that begins with the phosphorylation of choline and ends with the combination of CDP-choline with diacylglycerol to form phosphatidylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006658
term: phosphatidylserine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine. They are important constituents of cell membranes.


go_id: GO:0006659
term: phosphatidylserine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


go_id: GO:0006660
term: phosphatidylserine catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of phosphatidylserines, any of a class of glycerophospholipids in which the phosphatidyl group is esterified to the hydroxyl group of L-serine.


go_id: GO:0006661
term: phosphatidylinositol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of phosphatidylinositol, any glycophospholipid in which the sn-glycerol 3-phosphate residue is esterified to the 1-hydroxyl group of 1D-myo-inositol.


go_id: GO:0006662
term: glycerol ether metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycerol ethers, any anhydride formed between two organic hydroxy compounds, one of which is glycerol.


go_id: GO:0006663
term: platelet activating factor biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of platelet activating factor, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphocholine, where alkyl = hexadecyl or octadecyl. Platelet activating factor is an inflammatory mediator released from a variety of cells in response to various stimuli.


go_id: GO:0006664
term: glycolipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycolipids, a class of 1,2-di-O-acylglycerols joined at oxygen 3 by a glycosidic linkage to a carbohydrate part (usually a mono-, di- or tri-saccharide). Some substances classified as bacterial glycolipids have the sugar group acylated by one or more fatty acids and the glycerol group may be absent.


go_id: GO:0006665
term: sphingolipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingolipids, any of a class of lipids containing the long-chain amine diol sphingosine or a closely related base (a sphingoid).


go_id: GO:0006666
term: 3-keto-sphinganine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving 3-keto-sphinganine, a derivative of sphinganine with a ketone group at C3. It is an intermediate in the synthesis of sphingosine.


go_id: GO:0006668
term: sphinganine-1-phosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


go_id: GO:0006669
term: sphinganine-1-phosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphinganine-1-phosphate, the phosphorylated derivative of D-erythro-2-amino-1,3-octadecanediol.


go_id: GO:0006670
term: sphingosine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingosine (sphing-4-enine), trans-D-erytho-2-amino-octadec-4-ene-1,3-diol, a long chain amino diol sphingoid base that occurs in most sphingolipids in animal tissues.


go_id: GO:0006671
term: phytosphingosine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving phytosphingosine, (2S,3S,4R)-2-aminooctadecane-1,3,4-triol, a constituent of many plant sphingolipids.


go_id: GO:0006673
term: inositol phosphoceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving inositol phosphoceramides, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006675
term: mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl-inositol phosphorylceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains a phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.


go_id: GO:0006676
term: mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mannosyl diphosphorylinositol ceramide, any lipid with a phosphodiester bridge between an inositol residue and the ceramide group which contains two phosphoryl (-P(O)=) groups and a mannose derivative.


go_id: GO:0006677
term: glycosylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide (or derivative) by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006678
term: glucosylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group. They are neutral glycolipids containing equimolar amounts of fatty acid, glucose, and sphingosine or a sphingosine derivative.


go_id: GO:0006679
term: glucosylceramide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006680
term: glucosylceramide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of glucose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006681
term: galactosylceramide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006682
term: galactosylceramide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006683
term: galactosylceramide catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of galactosylceramides, any compound formed by the replacement of the glycosidic hydroxyl group of a cyclic form of galactose by a ceramide group.


go_id: GO:0006684
term: sphingomyelin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine, any of a class of phospholipids in which the amino group of sphingosine is in amide linkage with one of several fatty acids, while the terminal hydroxyl group of sphingosine is esterified to phosphorylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006685
term: sphingomyelin catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006686
term: sphingomyelin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of sphingomyelin, N-acyl-4-sphingenyl-1-O-phosphorylcholine.


go_id: GO:0006687
term: glycosphingolipid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glycosphingolipids, any compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


go_id: GO:0006688
term: glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glycosphingolipid, a compound with residues of sphingoid and at least one monosaccharide.


go_id: GO:0006689
term: ganglioside catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ganglioside, a ceramide oligosaccharide carrying, in addition to other sugar residues, one or more sialic residues.


go_id: GO:0006690
term: icosanoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving icosanoids, any of a group of C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006691
term: leukotriene metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving leukotriene, a pharmacologically active substance derived from a polyunsaturated fatty acid, such as arachidonic acid.


go_id: GO:0006692
term: prostanoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostanoids, any compound based on or derived from the prostanoate structure.


go_id: GO:0006693
term: prostaglandin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving prostaglandins, any of a group of biologically active metabolites which contain a cyclopentane ring due to the formation of a bond between two carbons of a fatty acid. They have a wide range of biological activities.


go_id: GO:0006694
term: steroid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification.


go_id: GO:0006695
term: cholesterol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


go_id: GO:0006696
term: ergosterol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds.


go_id: GO:0006697
term: ecdysone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


go_id: GO:0006699
term: bile acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bile acids, any of a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile.


go_id: GO:0006700
term: C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


go_id: GO:0006701
term: progesterone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006702
term: androgen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


go_id: GO:0006703
term: estrogen biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006704
term: glucocorticoid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006705
term: mineralocorticoid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006706
term: steroid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


go_id: GO:0006707
term: cholesterol catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones.


go_id: GO:0006708
term: ecdysone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects.


go_id: GO:0006709
term: progesterone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of progesterone, a steroid hormone produced in the ovary which prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006710
term: androgen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


go_id: GO:0006711
term: estrogen catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0006712
term: mineralocorticoid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006713
term: glucocorticoid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol.


go_id: GO:0006714
term: sesquiterpenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving sesquiterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with three isoprene units.


go_id: GO:0006715
term: farnesol biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the sesquiterpenoid alcohol farnesol, 3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6,10,dodecatrien-1-ol.


go_id: GO:0006716
term: juvenile hormone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0006718
term: juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0006719
term: juvenile hormone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of juvenile hormones, the three sesquiterpenoid derivatives that function to maintain the larval state of insects at molting and that may be required for other processes, e.g. oogenesis.


go_id: GO:0006720
term: isoprenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving isoprenoid compounds, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


go_id: GO:0006721
term: terpenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving terpenoids, any member of a class of compounds characterized by an isoprenoid chemical structure and including derivatives with various functional groups.


go_id: GO:0006722
term: triterpenoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving triterpenoid compounds, terpenoids with six isoprene units.


go_id: GO:0006723
term: cuticle hydrocarbon biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrocarbons that make up the cuticle, the outer layer of some animals and plants, which acts to prevent water loss.


go_id: GO:0006725
term: cellular aromatic compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving aromatic compounds, any organic compound characterized by one or more planar rings, each of which contains conjugated double bonds and delocalized pi electrons, as carried out by individual cells.


go_id: GO:0006726
term: eye pigment biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of eye pigments, any general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the eye.


go_id: GO:0006727
term: ommochrome biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ommochromes, any of a large group of natural polycyclic pigments commonly found in the Arthropoda, particularly in the ommatidia of the compound eye.


go_id: GO:0006728
term: pteridine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of pteridine, pyrazino(2,3-dipyrimidine), the parent structure of pterins and the pteroyl group.


go_id: GO:0006729
term: tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of tetrahydrobiopterin, the reduced form of biopterin (2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-(1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-pteridine). It functions as a hydroxylation coenzyme, e.g. in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine.


go_id: GO:0006730
term: one-carbon metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the transfer of one-carbon units in various oxidation states.


go_id: GO:0006734
term: NADH metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), a coenzyme present in most living cells and derived from the B vitamin nicotinic acid.


go_id: GO:0006738
term: nicotinamide riboside catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide riboside, the product of the formation of a glycosidic bond between ribose and nicotinamide.


go_id: GO:0006739
term: NADP metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; metabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


go_id: GO:0006741
term: NADP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; biosynthesis may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


go_id: GO:0006742
term: NADP catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, a coenzyme involved in many redox and biosynthetic reactions; catabolism may be of either the oxidized form, NADP, or the reduced form, NADPH.


go_id: GO:0006743
term: ubiquinone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


go_id: GO:0006744
term: ubiquinone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ubiquinone, a lipid-soluble electron-transporting coenzyme.


go_id: GO:0006747
term: FAD biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of FAD, the oxidized form of flavin-adenine dinucleotide.


go_id: GO:0006748
term: lipoamide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving lipoamide, the functional form of lipoic acid in which the carboxyl group is attached to protein by an amide linkage to a lysine amino group.


go_id: GO:0006749
term: glutathione metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins; it has a specific role in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and oxidized ascorbate, and it participates in the gamma-glutamyl cycle.


go_id: GO:0006750
term: glutathione biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.


go_id: GO:0006751
term: glutathione catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of glutathione, the tripeptide glutamylcysteinylglycine, which acts as a coenzyme for some enzymes and as an antioxidant in the protection of sulfhydryl groups in enzymes and other proteins.


go_id: GO:0006754
term: ATP biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator.


go_id: GO:0006756
term: AMP phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into AMP, adenosine monophosphate, to produce ADP. Addition of two phosphate groups produces ATP.


go_id: GO:0006760
term: folic acid-containing compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a folic acid-containing compound, i.e. any of a group of heterocyclic compounds based on the pteroic acid skeleton conjugated with one or more L-glutamic acid or L-glutamate units.


go_id: GO:0006761
term: dihydrofolate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of dihydrofolate, the dihydroxylated derivative of folate.


go_id: GO:0006766
term: vitamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving vitamins. Vitamin is a general term for a number of unrelated organic substances that occur in many foods in small amounts and that are necessary in trace amounts for the normal metabolic functioning of the body. Vitamins may be water-soluble or fat-soluble and usually serve as components of coenzyme systems.


go_id: GO:0006767
term: water-soluble vitamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in water.


go_id: GO:0006768
term: biotin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving biotin, cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno(3,4-d)imidazoline-4-valeric acid; the (+) enantiomer is very widely distributed in cells and serves as a carrier in a number of enzymatic beta-carboxylation reactions.


go_id: GO:0006769
term: nicotinamide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving nicotinamide, pyridine-3-carboxamide, the amide of nicotinic acid. It is a member of the B complex of vitamins and occurs widely in living organisms.


go_id: GO:0006771
term: riboflavin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving riboflavin (vitamin B2), the precursor for the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).


go_id: GO:0006772
term: thiamine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving thiamine (vitamin B1), a water soluble vitamin present in fresh vegetables and meats, especially liver.


go_id: GO:0006775
term: fat-soluble vitamin metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving of any of a diverse group of vitamins that are soluble in organic solvents and relatively insoluble in water.


go_id: GO:0006776
term: vitamin A metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any of the vitamin A compounds, retinol, retinal (retinaldehyde) and retinoic acid, all of which are derivatives of beta-carotene.


go_id: GO:0006777
term: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of the Mo-molybdopterin cofactor, essential for the catalytic activity of some enzymes. The cofactor consists of a mononuclear molybdenum (Mo) ion coordinated by one or two molybdopterin ligands.


go_id: GO:0006778
term: porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


go_id: GO:0006779
term: porphyrin-containing compound biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


go_id: GO:0006783
term: heme biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme, any compound of iron complexed in a porphyrin (tetrapyrrole) ring, from less complex precursors.


go_id: GO:0006784
term: heme A biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme A, a derivative of heme found in cytochrome aa3.


go_id: GO:0006785
term: heme B biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme B, a Fe(II) porphyrin complex readily isolated from the hemoglobin of beef blood, but also found in other proteins including other hemoglobins, myoglobins, cytochromes P-450, catalases, peroxidases as well as b type cytochromes.


go_id: GO:0006786
term: heme C biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of heme c, a derivative of heme found in cytochromes c, b4, and f.


go_id: GO:0006787
term: porphyrin-containing compound catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrin consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group.


go_id: GO:0006788
term: heme oxidation
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the loss of electrons from one or more atoms in heme.


go_id: GO:0006789
term: bilirubin conjugation
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of bilirubin monoglucuronide or bilirubin diglucuronide, water-soluble derivatives of bilirubin.


go_id: GO:0006790
term: sulfur compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element sulfur or compounds that contain sulfur, such as the amino acids methionine and cysteine or the tripeptide glutathione.


go_id: GO:0006791
term: sulfur utilization
ontology: BP
definition:
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary sulfur sources and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary sulfur source and to transport and metabolize alternate sulfur sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects sulfur levels, includes the activation of genes whose products detect, transport or metabolize sulfur-containing compounds, and ends when the sulfur is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006793
term: phosphorus metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the nonmetallic element phosphorus or compounds that contain phosphorus, usually in the form of a phosphate group (PO4).


go_id: GO:0006794
term: phosphorus utilization
ontology: BP
definition:
A series of processes that forms an integrated mechanism by which a cell or an organism detects the depletion of primary phosphorus source and then activates genes to scavenge the last traces of the primary phosphorus source and to transport and metabolize alternative phosphorus sources. The utilization process begins when the cell or organism detects phosphorus levels, includes the phosphorus-containing substances, and ends when phosphorus is incorporated into the cell or organism's metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006796
term: phosphate-containing compound metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving the phosphate group, the anion or salt of any phosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006797
term: polyphosphate metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006798
term: polyphosphate catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006799
term: polyphosphate biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of a polyphosphate, the anion or salt of polyphosphoric acid.


go_id: GO:0006801
term: superoxide metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving superoxide, the superoxide anion O2- (superoxide free radical), or any compound containing this species.


go_id: GO:0006805
term: xenobiotic metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


go_id: GO:0006809
term: nitric oxide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water.


go_id: GO:0006810
term: transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances (such as macromolecules, small molecules, ions) or cellular components (such as complexes and organelles) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, or within a multicellular organism by means of some agent such as a transporter or a transporter complex, a pore or a motor protein.


go_id: GO:0006811
term: ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of charged atoms or small charged molecules into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006812
term: cation transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of cations, atoms or small molecules with a net positive charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006813
term: potassium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006814
term: sodium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006816
term: calcium ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of calcium (Ca) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006817
term: phosphate ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of phosphate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006820
term: anion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of anions, atoms or small molecules with a net negative charge, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006821
term: chloride transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of chloride into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006824
term: cobalt ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of cobalt (Co) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006825
term: copper ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of copper (Cu) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006826
term: iron ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of iron (Fe) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006828
term: manganese ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of manganese (Mn) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006829
term: zinc ion transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of zinc (Zn II) ions into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006833
term: water transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of water (H2O) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006835
term: dicarboxylic acid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of dicarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006836
term: neurotransmitter transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a neurotransmitter into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Neurotransmitters are any chemical substance that is capable of transmitting (or inhibiting the transmission of) a nerve impulse from a neuron to another cell.


go_id: GO:0006837
term: serotonin transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of serotonin into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is a monoamine neurotransmitter occurring in the peripheral and central nervous systems.


go_id: GO:0006842
term: tricarboxylic acid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of tricarboxylic acids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006843
term: mitochondrial citrate transmembrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of citrate, 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboyxlate, into or out of a mitochondrial matrix.


go_id: GO:0006844
term: acyl carnitine transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of acyl carnitine into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Acyl carnitine is the condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine and is the transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.


go_id: GO:0006846
term: acetate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of acetate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006848
term: pyruvate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of pyruvate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006850
term: mitochondrial pyruvate transmembrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which pyruvate is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


go_id: GO:0006851
term: mitochondrial calcium ion transmembrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a calcium ion (Ca2+) is transported across a mitochondrial membrane, into or out of the mitochondrion.


go_id: GO:0006853
term: carnitine shuttle
ontology: BP
definition:
The transfer of acyl groups to and from acyl-CoA molecules to form O-acylcarnitine, which can exchange across the mitochondrial inner membrane with unacylated carnitine.


go_id: GO:0006855
term: xenobiotic transmembrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organim exposed to it, is transported across a membrane. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicilin) or it can be a synthetic chemical.


go_id: GO:0006856
term: eye pigment precursor transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of eye pigment precursors, the inactive forms of visual pigments, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006857
term: oligopeptide transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of oligopeptides into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Oligopeptides are molecules that contain a small number (2 to 20) of amino-acid residues connected by peptide linkages.


go_id: GO:0006862
term: nucleotide transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a nucleotide, any compound consisting of a nucleoside that is esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


go_id: GO:0006863
term: purine nucleobase transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of purine bases, one of the two classes of nitrogen-containing ring compounds found in DNA and RNA, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006864
term: pyrimidine nucleotide transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a pyrimidine nucleotide, any compound consisting of a pyrimidine nucleoside esterified with (ortho)phosphate, into, out of or within a cell.


go_id: GO:0006865
term: amino acid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of amino acids, organic acids containing one or more amino substituents, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006867
term: asparagine transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of asparagine, alpha-aminosuccinamic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006868
term: glutamine transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of glutamine, 2-amino-4-carbamoylbutanoic acid, into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0006869
term: lipid transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of lipids into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. Lipids are compounds soluble in an organic solvent but not, or sparingly, in an aqueous solvent.


go_id: GO:0006874
term: cellular calcium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006875
term: cellular metal ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of metal ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006876
term: cellular cadmium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cadmium ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006877
term: cellular cobalt ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of cobalt ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006878
term: cellular copper ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of copper ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006879
term: cellular iron ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of iron ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006880
term: intracellular sequestering of iron ion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of binding or confining iron ions in an intracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


go_id: GO:0006881
term: extracellular sequestering of iron ion
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of binding or confining iron ions in an extracellular area such that they are separated from other components of a biological system.


go_id: GO:0006882
term: cellular zinc ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of zinc ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006883
term: cellular sodium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of sodium ions at the level of a cell.


go_id: GO:0006884
term: cell volume homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in maintaining the steady state of a cell's volume. The cell's volume refers to the three-dimensional space occupied by a cell.


go_id: GO:0006885
term: regulation of pH
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal equilibrium of hydrogen ions, thereby modulating the internal pH, within an organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006886
term: intracellular protein transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of proteins in a cell, including the movement of proteins between specific compartments or structures within a cell, such as organelles of a eukaryotic cell.


go_id: GO:0006887
term: exocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
A process of secretion by a cell that results in the release of intracellular molecules (e.g. hormones, matrix proteins) contained within a membrane-bounded vesicle. Exocytosis can occur either by full fusion, when the vesicle collapses into the plasma membrane, or by a kiss-and-run mechanism that involves the formation of a transient contact, a pore, between a granule (for exemple of chromaffin cells) and the plasma membrane. The latter process most of the time leads to only partial secretion of the granule content. Exocytosis begins with steps that prepare vesicles for fusion with the membrane (tethering and docking) and ends when molecules are secreted from the cell.


go_id: GO:0006888
term: endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, mediated by COP II vesicles. Small COP II coated vesicles form from the ER and then fuse directly with the cis-Golgi. Larger structures are transported along microtubules to the cis-Golgi.


go_id: GO:0006890
term: retrograde vesicle-mediated transport, Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi back to the endoplasmic reticulum, mediated by vesicles bearing specific protein coats such as COPI or COG.


go_id: GO:0006891
term: intra-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances within the Golgi, mediated by small transport vesicles. These either fuse with the cis-Golgi or with each other to form the membrane stacks known as the cis-Golgi reticulum (network).


go_id: GO:0006892
term: post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to other parts of the cell, including organelles and the plasma membrane, mediated by small transport vesicles.


go_id: GO:0006893
term: Golgi to plasma membrane transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to the plasma membrane in transport vesicles that move from the trans-Golgi network to the plasma membrane, where they fuse and release their contents by exocytosis.


go_id: GO:0006895
term: Golgi to endosome transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of substances from the Golgi to early sorting endosomes. Clathrin vesicles transport substances from the trans-Golgi to endosomes.


go_id: GO:0006897
term: endocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
A vesicle-mediated transport process in which cells take up external materials or membrane constituents by the invagination of a small region of the plasma membrane to form a new membrane-bounded vesicle.


go_id: GO:0006898
term: receptor-mediated endocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
An endocytosis process in which cell surface receptors ensure specificity of transport. A specific receptor on the cell surface binds tightly to the extracellular macromolecule (the ligand) that it recognizes; the plasma-membrane region containing the receptor-ligand complex then undergoes endocytosis, forming a transport vesicle containing the receptor-ligand complex and excluding most other plasma-membrane proteins. Receptor-mediated endocytosis generally occurs via clathrin-coated pits and vesicles.


go_id: GO:0006901
term: vesicle coating
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein coat is added to the vesicle to form the proper shape of the vesicle and to target the vesicle for transport to its destination.


go_id: GO:0006903
term: vesicle targeting
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which vesicles are directed to specific destination membranes. Targeting involves coordinated interactions among cytoskeletal elements (microtubules or actin filaments), motor proteins, molecules at the vesicle membrane and target membrane surfaces, and vesicle cargo.


go_id: GO:0006904
term: vesicle docking involved in exocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The initial attachment of a vesicle membrane to a target membrane, mediated by proteins protruding from the membrane of the vesicle and the target membrane, that contributes to exocytosis.


go_id: GO:0006907
term: pinocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
An endocytosis process that results in the uptake of liquid material by cells from their external environment; literally 'cell drinking'. Liquid is enclosed in vesicles, called pinosomes, formed by invagination of the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0006909
term: phagocytosis
ontology: BP
definition:
A vesicle-mediated transport process that results in the engulfment of external particulate material by phagocytes and their delivery to the lysosome. The particles are initially contained within phagocytic vacuoles (phagosomes), which then fuse with primary lysosomes to effect digestion of the particles.


go_id: GO:0006910
term: phagocytosis, recognition
ontology: BP
definition:
The initial step in phagocytosis involving adhesion to bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter, or an apoptotic cell and based on recognition of factors such as bacterial cell wall components, opsonins like complement and antibody or protein receptors and lipids like phosphatidyl serine, and leading to intracellular signaling in the phagocytosing cell.


go_id: GO:0006911
term: phagocytosis, engulfment
ontology: BP
definition:
The internalization of bacteria, immune complexes and other particulate matter or of an apoptotic cell by phagocytosis, including the membrane and cytoskeletal processes required, which involves one of three mechanisms: zippering of pseudopods around a target via repeated receptor-ligand interactions, sinking of the target directly into plasma membrane of the phagocytosing cell, or induced uptake via an enhanced membrane ruffling of the phagocytosing cell similar to macropinocytosis.


go_id: GO:0006914
term: autophagy
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular catabolic process in which cells digest parts of their own cytoplasm; allows for both recycling of macromolecular constituents under conditions of cellular stress and remodeling the intracellular structure for cell differentiation.


go_id: GO:0006915
term: apoptotic process
ontology: BP
definition:
A programmed cell death process which begins when a cell receives an internal (e.g. DNA damage) or external signal (e.g. an extracellular death ligand), and proceeds through a series of biochemical events (signaling pathway phase) which trigger an execution phase. The execution phase is the last step of an apoptotic process, and is typically characterized by rounding-up of the cell, retraction of pseudopodes, reduction of cellular volume (pyknosis), chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis), plasma membrane blebbing and fragmentation of the cell into apoptotic bodies. When the execution phase is completed, the cell has died.


go_id: GO:0006919
term: activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive enzyme cysteine-type endopeptidase in the context of an apoptotic process.


go_id: GO:0006921
term: cellular component disassembly involved in execution phase of apoptosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The breakdown of structures such as organelles, proteins, or other macromolecular structures during apoptosis.


go_id: GO:0006924
term: activation-induced cell death of T cells
ontology: BP
definition:
A T cell apoptotic process that occurs towards the end of the expansion phase following the initial activation of mature T cells by antigen and is triggered by T cell receptor stimulation and signals transmitted via various surface-expressed members of the TNF receptor family such as Fas ligand, Fas, and TNF and the p55 and p75 TNF receptors.


go_id: GO:0006925
term: inflammatory cell apoptotic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any apoptotic process in an inflammatory cell, any cell participating in the inflammatory response to a foreign substance e.g. neutrophil, macrophage.


go_id: GO:0006929
term: substrate-dependent cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The orderly movement of a cell from one site to another along a substrate such as the extracellular matrix; the migrating cell forms a protrusion that attaches to the substrate.


go_id: GO:0006930
term: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell extension
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of a cell surface protrusion, such as a lamellipodium or filopodium, at the leading edge of a migrating cell.


go_id: GO:0006931
term: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell attachment to substrate
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of adhesions that stabilize protrusions at the leading edge of a migrating cell; involves integrin activation, clustering, and the recruitment of structural and signaling components to nascent adhesions.


go_id: GO:0006932
term: substrate-dependent cell migration, cell contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
The translocation of the cell body forward during cell migration, mediated by tractional force on its substrate and tension in the cortical cytoskeleton. Adhesions transmit propulsive forces and serve as traction points over which the cell moves.


go_id: GO:0006933
term: negative regulation of cell adhesion involved in substrate-bound cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The disassembly of adhesions at the front and rear of a migrating cell. At the leading edge, adhesion disassembly accompanies the formation of new protrusions; at the cell rear, it promotes tail retraction.


go_id: GO:0006934
term: substrate-bound cell migration, adhesion receptor recycling
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of accumulated adhesion components such as integrins from the rear of a migrating cell toward the cell front, where they are available to form new protrusions and adhesions.


go_id: GO:0006935
term: chemotaxis
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a motile cell or organism, or the directed growth of a cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis).


go_id: GO:0006936
term: muscle contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which force is generated within muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis.


go_id: GO:0006939
term: smooth muscle contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which force is generated within smooth muscle tissue, resulting in a change in muscle geometry. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Smooth muscle differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length.


go_id: GO:0006941
term: striated muscle contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which force is generated within striated muscle tissue, resulting in the shortening of the muscle. Force generation involves a chemo-mechanical energy conversion step that is carried out by the actin/myosin complex activity, which generates force through ATP hydrolysis. Striated muscle is a type of muscle in which the repeating units (sarcomeres) of the contractile myofibrils are arranged in registry throughout the cell, resulting in transverse or oblique striations observable at the level of the light microscope.


go_id: GO:0006949
term: syncytium formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of a syncytium, a mass of cytoplasm containing several nuclei enclosed within a single plasma membrane. Syncytia are normally derived from single cells that fuse or fail to complete cell division.


go_id: GO:0006950
term: response to stress
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a disturbance in organismal or cellular homeostasis, usually, but not necessarily, exogenous (e.g. temperature, humidity, ionizing radiation).


go_id: GO:0006952
term: defense response
ontology: BP
definition:
Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack.


go_id: GO:0006953
term: acute-phase response
ontology: BP
definition:
An acute inflammatory response that involves non-antibody proteins whose concentrations in the plasma increase in response to infection or injury of homeothermic animals.


go_id: GO:0006954
term: inflammatory response
ontology: BP
definition:
The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages.


go_id: GO:0006955
term: immune response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat.


go_id: GO:0006956
term: complement activation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the complement cascade, which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes; the initial steps of complement activation involve one of three pathways, the classical pathway, the alternative pathway, and the lectin pathway, all of which lead to the terminal complement pathway.


go_id: GO:0006957
term: complement activation, alternative pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the alternative pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes and the regulation of other immune processes.


go_id: GO:0006958
term: complement activation, classical pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the activation of any of the steps of the classical pathway of the complement cascade which allows for the direct killing of microbes, the disposal of immune complexes, and the regulation of other immune processes.


go_id: GO:0006963
term: positive regulation of antibacterial peptide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antibacterial peptide biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006964
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria

definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-negative bacteria.


go_id: GO:0006965
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of biosynthetic process of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria

definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of biosynthesis of antibacterial peptides active against Gram-positive bacteria.


go_id: GO:0006967
term: positive regulation of antifungal peptide biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate, or extent of antifungal peptide biosynthesis.


go_id: GO:0006970
term: response to osmotic stress
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating an increase or decrease in the concentration of solutes outside the organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006971
term: hypotonic response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hypotonic environment, i.e. an environment with a lower concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006972
term: hyperosmotic response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of detection of, or exposure to, a hyperosmotic environment, i.e. an environment with a higher concentration of solutes than the organism or cell.


go_id: GO:0006973
term: intracellular accumulation of glycerol
ontology: BP
definition:
The accumulation of glycerol within a cell, for example by increased glycerol biosynthesis combined with decreased permeability of the cell membrane to glycerol, in response to the detection of a hyperosmotic environment.


go_id: GO:0006974
term: cellular response to DNA damage stimulus
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism.


go_id: GO:0006975
term: DNA damage induced protein phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The widespread phosphorylation of various molecules, triggering many downstream processes, that occurs in response to the detection of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006977
term: DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest
ontology: BP
definition:
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage and resulting in the stopping or reduction in rate of the cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0006978
ontology: BP
term:
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator

definition:
A cascade of processes induced by the cell cycle regulator phosphoprotein p53, or an equivalent protein, resulting in the induction of the transcription of p21 (also known as WAF1, CIP1 and SDI1) or any equivalent protein, in response to the detection of DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0006979
term: response to oxidative stress
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals.


go_id: GO:0006982
term: response to lipid hydroperoxide
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipid hydroperoxide stimulus. Lipid hydroperoxide is the highly reactive primary oxygenated products of polyunsaturated fatty acids.


go_id: GO:0006983
term: ER overload response
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by the accumulation of normal or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum and leading to activation of transcription by NF-kappaB.


go_id: GO:0006984
term: ER-nucleus signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals that conveys information from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus, usually resulting in a change in transcriptional regulation.


go_id: GO:0006986
term: response to unfolded protein
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an unfolded protein stimulus.


go_id: GO:0006990
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in unfolded protein response

definition:
The activation of genes whose promoters contain a specific sequence elements such as the unfolded protein response element (UPRE; consensus CAGCGTG) or the ER stress-response element (ERSE; CCAAN(N)9CCACG), as a result of signaling via the unfolded protein response.


go_id: GO:0006991
term: response to sterol depletion
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating deprivation of sterols. Sterols are a group of steroids characterized by the presence of one or more hydroxyl groups and a hydrocarbon side-chain in the molecule.


go_id: GO:0006995
term: cellular response to nitrogen starvation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of deprivation of nitrogen.


go_id: GO:0006996
term: organelle organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of an organelle within a cell. An organelle is an organized structure of distinctive morphology and function. Includes the nucleus, mitochondria, plastids, vacuoles, vesicles, ribosomes and the cytoskeleton. Excludes the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0006997
term: nucleus organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0006998
term: nuclear envelope organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear envelope.


go_id: GO:0006999
term: nuclear pore organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nuclear pore.


go_id: GO:0007000
term: nucleolus organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the nucleolus.


go_id: GO:0007005
term: mitochondrion organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrion; includes mitochondrial morphogenesis and distribution, and replication of the mitochondrial genome as well as synthesis of new mitochondrial components.


go_id: GO:0007006
term: mitochondrial membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a mitochondrial membrane, either of the lipid bilayer surrounding a mitochondrion.


go_id: GO:0007007
term: inner mitochondrial membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial inner membrane.


go_id: GO:0007008
term: outer mitochondrial membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the mitochondrial outer membrane.


go_id: GO:0007009
term: plasma membrane organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0007010
term: cytoskeleton organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures.


go_id: GO:0007015
term: actin filament organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of cytoskeletal structures comprising actin filaments. Includes processes that control the spatial distribution of actin filaments, such as organizing filaments into meshworks, bundles, or other structures, as by cross-linking.


go_id: GO:0007017
term: microtubule-based process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any cellular process that depends upon or alters the microtubule cytoskeleton, that part of the cytoskeleton comprising microtubules and their associated proteins.


go_id: GO:0007018
term: microtubule-based movement
ontology: BP
definition:
A microtubule-based process that results in the movement of organelles, other microtubules, or other cellular components.  Examples include motor-driven movement along microtubules and movement driven by polymerization or depolymerization of microtubules.


go_id: GO:0007020
term: microtubule nucleation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which tubulin alpha-beta heterodimers begin aggregation to form an oligomeric tubulin structure (a microtubule seed). Microtubule nucleation is the initiating step in the formation of a microtubule in the absence of any existing microtubules ('de novo' microtubule formation).


go_id: GO:0007023
term: post-chaperonin tubulin folding pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Completion of folding of alpha- and beta-tubulin; takes place subsequent to chaperonin-mediated partial folding; mediated by a complex of folding cofactors.


go_id: GO:0007026
term: negative regulation of microtubule depolymerization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of microtubule depolymerization; prevention of depolymerization of a microtubule can result from binding by 'capping' at the plus end (e.g. by interaction with another cellular protein of structure) or by exposing microtubules to a stabilizing drug such as taxol.


go_id: GO:0007027
term: negative regulation of axonemal microtubule depolymerization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the depolymerization of the specialized microtubules of the axoneme.


go_id: GO:0007028
term: cytoplasm organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm is all of the contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures.


go_id: GO:0007029
term: endoplasmic reticulum organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the endoplasmic reticulum.


go_id: GO:0007030
term: Golgi organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the Golgi apparatus.


go_id: GO:0007031
term: peroxisome organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a peroxisome. A peroxisome is a small, membrane-bounded organelle that uses dioxygen (O2) to oxidize organic molecules.


go_id: GO:0007032
term: endosome organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of endosomes.


go_id: GO:0007033
term: vacuole organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a vacuole.


go_id: GO:0007036
term: vacuolar calcium ion homeostasis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the maintenance of an internal steady state of calcium ions in the vacuole or between a vacuole and its surroundings.


go_id: GO:0007039
term: protein catabolic process in the vacuole
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of a protein in the vacuole, usually by the action of vacuolar proteases.


go_id: GO:0007040
term: lysosome organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a lysosome. A lysosome is a cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded organelle that is found in most animal cells and that contains a variety of hydrolases.


go_id: GO:0007042
term: lysosomal lumen acidification
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that reduces the pH of the lysosomal lumen, measured by the concentration of the hydrogen ion.


go_id: GO:0007043
term: cell-cell junction assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between cells.


go_id: GO:0007044
term: cell-substrate junction assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a junction between a cell and its substrate.


go_id: GO:0007049
term: cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
The progression of biochemical and morphological phases and events that occur in a cell during successive cell replication or nuclear replication events. Canonically, the cell cycle comprises the replication and segregation of genetic material followed by the division of the cell, but in endocycles or syncytial cells nuclear replication or nuclear division may not be followed by cell division.


go_id: GO:0007051
term: spindle organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the spindle, the array of microtubules and associated molecules that forms between opposite poles of a eukaryotic cell during DNA segregation and serves to move the duplicated chromosomes apart.


go_id: GO:0007052
term: mitotic spindle organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of the microtubule spindle during a mitotic cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0007053
term: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007054
term: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis I
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007055
term: spindle assembly involved in male meiosis II
ontology: BP
definition:
The formation of the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in males. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007056
term: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007057
term: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis I
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis I of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007058
term: spindle assembly involved in female meiosis II
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the spindle during meiosis II of a meiotic cell cycle in females. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007059
term: chromosome segregation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized into specific structures and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets. In eukaryotes, chromosome segregation begins with the condensation of chromosomes, includes chromosome separation, and ends when chromosomes have completed movement to the spindle poles.


go_id: GO:0007060
term: male meiosis chromosome segregation
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which genetic material, in the form of chromosomes, is organized and then physically separated and apportioned to two or more sets during the meiotic cell cycle in a male.


go_id: GO:0007062
term: sister chromatid cohesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome become tethered to each other.


go_id: GO:0007064
term: mitotic sister chromatid cohesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome are joined along the entire length of the chromosome, from their formation in S phase through metaphase during a mitotic cell cycle. This cohesion cycle is critical for high fidelity chromosome transmission.


go_id: GO:0007065
term: male meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a male.


go_id: GO:0007066
term: female meiosis sister chromatid cohesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The joining of the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome along the entire length of the chromosome that occurs during meiosis in a female.


go_id: GO:0007072
term: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


go_id: GO:0007073
term: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase I promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase I promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


go_id: GO:0007074
term: positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase II promoter
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase II promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


go_id: GO:0007075
ontology: BP
term:
positive regulation of transcription involved in exit from mitosis, from RNA polymerase III promoter

definition:
Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of transcription from an RNA polymerase III promoter as the cell leaves M phase. M phase is the part of the mitotic cell cycle during which mitosis and cytokinesis take place.


go_id: GO:0007076
term: mitotic chromosome condensation
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which chromatin structure is compacted prior to and during mitosis in eukaryotic cells.


go_id: GO:0007077
term: mitotic nuclear membrane disassembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The mitotic cell cycle process in which the controlled partial or complete breakdown of the nuclear membranes during occurs during mitosis.


go_id: GO:0007079
term: mitotic chromosome movement towards spindle pole
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which the directed movement of chromosomes from the center of the spindle towards the spindle poles occurs. This mediates by the shortening of microtubules attached to the chromosomes, during mitosis.


go_id: GO:0007080
term: mitotic metaphase plate congression
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate, a plane halfway between the poles of the mitotic spindle, during mitosis.


go_id: GO:0007084
term: mitotic nuclear membrane reassembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The mitotic cell cycle process involving ESCRTIII that results in reformation of the nuclear envelope after mitotic nuclear division. In organisms undergoing closed mitosis this involves resealing or 'repair' of the nuclear envelope in the nuclear bridge.


go_id: GO:0007086
term: vesicle fusion with nuclear membrane involved in mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process that results in the joining of the lipid bilayer membrane around a vesicle with the lipid bilayer membrane around the nucleus, and contributes to mitotic nuclear envelope reassembly.


go_id: GO:0007089
term: traversing start control point of mitotic cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process by which a cell commits to entering S phase via a positive feedback mechanism between the regulation of transcription and G1 CDK activity.


go_id: GO:0007091
term: metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which a cell progresses from metaphase to anaphase during mitosis, triggered by the activation of the anaphase promoting complex by Cdc20/Sleepy homolog which results in the degradation of Securin.


go_id: GO:0007093
term: mitotic cell cycle checkpoint signaling
ontology: BP
definition:
A signaling process that ensures accurate chromosome replication and segregation by preventing progression through a mitotic cell cycle until conditions are suitable for the cell to proceed to the next stage.


go_id: GO:0007094
term: mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint signaling
ontology: BP
definition:
A signal transduction process that contributes to a mitotic cell cycle spindle assembly checkpoint, that delays the metaphase/anaphase transition of a mitotic nuclear division until the spindle is correctly assembled and chromosomes are attached to the spindle.


go_id: GO:0007095
term: mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling
ontology: BP
definition:
A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage.


go_id: GO:0007096
term: regulation of exit from mitosis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the progression from anaphase/telophase to G1 that is associated with a conversion from high to low mitotic CDK activity.


go_id: GO:0007098
term: centrosome cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which centrosome duplication and separation takes place. The centrosome cycle can operate with a considerable degree of independence from other processes of the cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0007099
term: centriole replication
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which a daughter centriole is formed perpendicular to an existing centriole. An immature centriole contains a ninefold radially symmetric array of single microtubules; mature centrioles consist of a radial array of nine microtubule triplets, doublets, or singlets depending upon the species and cell type. Duplicated centrioles also become the ciliary basal body in cells that form cilia during G0.


go_id: GO:0007100
term: mitotic centrosome separation
ontology: BP
definition:
Separation of duplicated centrosome components at the beginning of mitosis. The centriole pair within each centrosome becomes part of a separate microtubule organizing center that nucleates a radial array of microtubules called an aster. The two asters move to opposite sides of the nucleus to form the two poles of the mitotic spindle.


go_id: GO:0007107
term: membrane addition at site of cytokinesis
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process involved in the net addition of membrane at the site of cytokinesis; includes vesicle recruitment and fusion, local lipid synthesis and insertion.


go_id: GO:0007110
term: meiosis I cytokinesis
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis I, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


go_id: GO:0007111
term: meiosis II cytokinesis
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process that results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after meiosis II, resulting in the separation of the original cell into two daughter cells.


go_id: GO:0007112
term: male meiosis cytokinesis
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process that occurs as part of the male meiotic cell cycle and results in the division of the cytoplasm of a cell to produce two daughter cells.


go_id: GO:0007113
term: endomitotic cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A mitotic cell cycle in which chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids separate, but spindle formation, nuclear membrane breakdown and nuclear division do not occur, resulting in an increased number of chromosomes in the cell.


go_id: GO:0007114
term: cell budding
ontology: BP
definition:
A form of asexual reproduction, occurring in certain bacteria and fungi (e.g. yeasts) and some primitive animals in which an individual arises from a daughter cell formed by pinching off a part of the parent cell. The budlike outgrowths so formed may sometimes remain attached to the parent cell.


go_id: GO:0007117
term: budding cell bud growth
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the bud portion of a cell that reproduces by budding irreversibly increases in size over time by accretion and biosynthetic production of matter similar to that already present.


go_id: GO:0007119
term: budding cell isotropic bud growth
ontology: BP
definition:
Unlocalized bud growth such that the entire surface of the bud expands evenly, in a cell that reproduces by budding.


go_id: GO:0007120
term: axial cellular bud site selection
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of defining the next site of bud emergence adjacent to the last site of bud emergence on a budding cell.


go_id: GO:0007121
term: bipolar cellular bud site selection
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of defining subsequent sites of bud emergence such that budding takes place at alternating poles of a budding cell.


go_id: GO:0007124
term: pseudohyphal growth
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which cells grow as a chain of physically attached, elongated cells in response to an environmental stimulus or stimuli.


go_id: GO:0007127
term: meiosis I
ontology: BP
definition:
The first meiotic nuclear division in which homologous chromosomes are paired and segregated from each other, producing two haploid daughter nuclei.


go_id: GO:0007128
term: meiotic prophase I
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis I and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


go_id: GO:0007129
term: homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis
ontology: BP
definition:
The meiotic cell cycle process where side by side pairing and physical juxtaposition of homologous chromosomes is created during meiotic prophase. Homologous chromosome pairing begins when the chromosome arms begin to pair from the clustered telomeres and ends when synaptonemal complex or linear element assembly is complete.


go_id: GO:0007130
term: synaptonemal complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which the synaptonemal complex is formed. This is a structure that holds paired chromosomes together during prophase I of meiosis and that promotes genetic recombination.


go_id: GO:0007131
term: reciprocal meiotic recombination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle process in which double strand breaks are formed and repaired through a single or double Holliday junction intermediate. This results in the equal exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids in a pair of homologous chromosomes. These reciprocal recombinant products ensure the proper segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis I and create genetic diversity.


go_id: GO:0007132
term: meiotic metaphase I
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase, following prophase I, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis I.


go_id: GO:0007133
term: meiotic anaphase I
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis I.


go_id: GO:0007134
term: meiotic telophase I
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase I of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


go_id: GO:0007135
term: meiosis II
ontology: BP
definition:
The second nuclear division of meiosis, in which the two chromatids in each chromosome are separated, resulting in four daughter nuclei from the two nuclei produced in meiosis II.


go_id: GO:0007136
term: meiotic prophase II
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase which is the first stage of meiosis II and during which chromosomes condense and the two daughter centrioles and their asters migrate toward the poles of the cell.


go_id: GO:0007137
term: meiotic metaphase II
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase, following prophase II, during which chromosomes become aligned on the equatorial plate of the cell as part of meiosis II.


go_id: GO:0007138
term: meiotic anaphase II
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase during which chromosomes separate and migrate towards the poles of the spindle the as part of meiosis II.


go_id: GO:0007139
term: meiotic telophase II
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell cycle phase which follows anaphase II of meiosis and during which the chromosomes arrive at the poles of the cell and the division of the cytoplasm starts.


go_id: GO:0007140
term: male meiotic nuclear division
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the male germline.


go_id: GO:0007141
term: male meiosis I
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis I, the first meiotic division in the male germline.


go_id: GO:0007142
term: male meiosis II
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process comprising the steps by which a cell progresses through male meiosis II, the second meiotic division in the male germline.


go_id: GO:0007143
term: female meiotic nuclear division
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process by which the cell nucleus divides as part of a meiotic cell cycle in the female germline.


go_id: GO:0007146
term: meiotic recombination nodule assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
During meiosis, the aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of strand exchange proteins (recombinases) to form small, electron dense structures in association with meiotic chromosomes.


go_id: GO:0007154
term: cell communication
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that mediates interactions between a cell and its surroundings. Encompasses interactions such as signaling or attachment between one cell and another cell, between a cell and an extracellular matrix, or between a cell and any other aspect of its environment.


go_id: GO:0007155
term: cell adhesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The attachment of a cell, either to another cell or to an underlying substrate such as the extracellular matrix, via cell adhesion molecules.


go_id: GO:0007156
term: homophilic cell adhesion via plasma membrane adhesion molecules
ontology: BP
definition:
The attachment of a plasma membrane adhesion molecule in one cell to an identical molecule in an adjacent cell.


go_id: GO:0007157
term: heterophilic cell-cell adhesion via plasma membrane cell adhesion molecules
ontology: BP
definition:
The attachment of an adhesion molecule in one cell to a nonidentical adhesion molecule in an adjacent cell.


go_id: GO:0007161
term: calcium-independent cell-matrix adhesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The binding of a cell to the extracellular matrix via adhesion molecules that do not require the presence of calcium for the interaction.


go_id: GO:0007163
term: establishment or maintenance of cell polarity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any cellular process that results in the specification, formation or maintenance of anisotropic intracellular organization or cell growth patterns.


go_id: GO:0007164
term: establishment of tissue polarity
ontology: BP
definition:
Coordinated organization of groups of cells in a tissue, such that they all orient to similar coordinates.


go_id: GO:0007165
term: signal transduction
ontology: BP
definition:
The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.


go_id: GO:0007166
term: cell surface receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by activation of a receptor on the surface of a cell. The pathway begins with binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell surface receptor, or for receptors that signal in the absence of a ligand, by ligand-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007167
term: enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell, where the receptor possesses catalytic activity or is closely associated with an enzyme such as a protein kinase, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007168
term: receptor guanylyl cyclase signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses guanylyl cyclase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007169
term: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses tyrosine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007171
term: activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that initiates the activity of the inactive transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity.


go_id: GO:0007172
term: signal complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a complex capable of relaying a signal within a cell.


go_id: GO:0007173
term: epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a ligand to the tyrosine kinase receptor EGFR (ERBB1) on the surface of a cell. The pathway ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007174
term: epidermal growth factor catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of epidermal growth factor (EGF), following internalization of the receptor-bound ligand into the signal-receiving cell. Full breakdown of epidermal growth factor results in a ligand that is unable to bind and activate its receptor.


go_id: GO:0007175
term: negative regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of EGF-activated receptor activity.


go_id: GO:0007178
term: transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses serine/threonine kinase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007179
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a transforming growth factor beta receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007181
term: transforming growth factor beta receptor complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a ligand-bound type II transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) receptor dimer with a type I TGF-beta receptor dimer, following ligand binding, to form a heterotetrameric TGF-beta receptor complex.


go_id: GO:0007182
term: common-partner SMAD protein phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group on to a common-partner SMAD protein. A common partner SMAD protein binds to pathway-restricted SMAD proteins forming a complex that translocates to the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0007183
term: SMAD protein complex assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a protein complex that contains SMAD proteins.


go_id: GO:0007185
term: transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where the receptor possesses protein tyrosine phosphatase activity, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007186
term: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by a ligand binding to its receptor, in which the  activated receptor promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha-subunit of an associated heterotrimeric G-protein complex. The GTP-bound activated alpha-G-protein then dissociates from the beta- and gamma-subunits to further transmit the signal within the cell. The pathway begins with receptor-ligand interaction, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process.  The pathway can start from the plasma membrane, Golgi or nuclear membrane.


go_id: GO:0007187
term: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of a nucleotide cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the concentration of a cyclic nucleotide.


go_id: GO:0007188
term: adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation or inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent change in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


go_id: GO:0007189
term: adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the activation of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


go_id: GO:0007191
term: adenylate cyclase-activating dopamine receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007192
term: adenylate cyclase-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
An adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007193
term: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity and a subsequent decrease in the intracellular concentration of cyclic AMP (cAMP).


go_id: GO:0007194
term: negative regulation of adenylate cyclase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of adenylate cyclase activity.


go_id: GO:0007195
term: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting dopamine receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by dopamine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007196
term: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007197
term: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007198
term: adenylate cyclase-inhibiting serotonin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
An adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007199
term: G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, followed by activation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) activity and a subsequent increase in the concentration of cyclic GMP (cGMP).


go_id: GO:0007200
term: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway in which the signal is transmitted via the  activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and a subsequent increase in the intracellular concentration of inositol trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG).


go_id: GO:0007202
term: activation of phospholipase C activity
ontology: BP
definition:
The initiation of the activity of the inactive enzyme phospolipase C as the result of The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand.


go_id: GO:0007205
term: protein kinase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a G protein-coupled receptor binding to its physiological ligand, where the pathway proceeds with activation of protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is activated by second messengers including diacylglycerol (DAG).


go_id: GO:0007206
term: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007207
term: phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by acetylcholine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007208
term: phospholipase C-activating serotonin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by serotonin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007209
term: phospholipase C-activating tachykinin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A phospholipase C-activating receptor G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007210
term: serotonin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a serotonin receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


go_id: GO:0007211
term: octopamine or tyramine signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by octopamine or tyramine binding to their receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Octopamine and tyramine are decarboxylation products of tyrosine, and are the invertebrate counterparts of the vertebrate adrenergic transmitters.


go_id: GO:0007212
term: dopamine receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of a dopamine receptor binding to one of its physiological ligands.


go_id: GO:0007213
term: G protein-coupled acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a ligand binding to an acetylcholine receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007214
term: gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated by the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 4-aminobutyrate), an amino acid which acts as a neurotransmitter in some organisms, to its receptor on the surface of a target cell.


go_id: GO:0007215
term: glutamate receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by the binding of glutamate to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007216
term: G protein-coupled glutamate receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by glutamate binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007217
term: tachykinin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by tachykinin binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process. Tachykinin is a short peptide with the terminal sequence (Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2).


go_id: GO:0007218
term: neuropeptide signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway initiated by a neuropeptide binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process.


go_id: GO:0007219
term: Notch signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Notch on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007220
term: Notch receptor processing
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of successive proteolytic cleavages of the Notch protein, which result in an active form of the receptor.


go_id: GO:0007221
term: positive regulation of transcription of Notch receptor target
ontology: BP
definition:
The activation of transcription of specific genes as a result of Notch signaling, mediated by the Notch intracellular domain.


go_id: GO:0007223
term: Wnt signaling pathway, calcium modulating pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by binding of a Wnt protein to a receptor on the surface of the target cell where activated receptors leads to an increase in intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C (PKC).


go_id: GO:0007224
term: smoothened signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of activation of the transmembrane protein Smoothened.


go_id: GO:0007225
term: patched ligand maturation
ontology: BP
definition:
The posttranslational modification of members of the Hedgehog family of signaling proteins in order for Hedgehog to exert its biological activity. These modifications include cleavage of its signal sequence, autocatalytic protein cleavage and the attachment of sterol groups.


go_id: GO:0007227
term: signal transduction downstream of smoothened
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals that are initiated by the transmembrane protein Smoothened. In the presence of a Hedgehog signaling molecule, the Patched protein no longer inhibits the activity of Smoothened, and Smoothened signals via the Hedgehog signaling complex to activate downstream components of the Hedgehog signaling pathway.


go_id: GO:0007228
term: positive regulation of hh target transcription factor activity
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that increases the activity of a transcription factor that activates transcription of Hedgehog-target genes in response to Smoothened signaling. In Drosophila, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) is the only identified transcription factor so far in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. In vertebrates, members of the Gli protein family are activated in this way. Activation of the Gli/Ci transcription factor is distinct from its stabilization, when proteolytic cleavage is inhibited.


go_id: GO:0007229
term: integrin-mediated signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to an integrin on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0007232
term: osmosensory signaling pathway via Sho1 osmosensor
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a Sho1 osmosensor system.


go_id: GO:0007234
term: osmosensory signaling via phosphorelay pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated in response to osmotic change, as mediated through a phosphorelay system.


go_id: GO:0007249
term: I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a signal is passed on to downstream components within the cell through the I-kappaB-kinase (IKK)-dependent activation of NF-kappaB. The cascade begins with activation of a trimeric IKK complex (consisting of catalytic kinase subunits IKKalpha and/or IKKbeta, and the regulatory scaffold protein NEMO) and ends with the regulation of transcription of target genes by NF-kappaB. In a resting state, NF-kappaB dimers are bound to I-kappaB proteins, sequestering NF-kappaB in the cytoplasm. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing the NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


go_id: GO:0007250
term: activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activity
ontology: BP
definition:
The stimulation of the activity of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase through phosphorylation at specific residues.


go_id: GO:0007252
term: I-kappaB phosphorylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group into an inhibitor of kappa B (I-kappaB) protein. Phosphorylation of I-kappaB targets I-kappaB for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus releasing bound NF-kappaB dimers, which can translocate to the nucleus to bind DNA and regulate transcription.


go_id: GO:0007253
term: cytoplasmic sequestering of NF-kappaB
ontology: BP
definition:
The selective interaction of the transcription factor NF-kappaB with specific molecules in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting its translocation into the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0007254
term: JNK cascade
ontology: BP
definition:
An intracellular protein kinase cascade containing at least a JNK (a MAPK), a JNKK (a MAPKK) and a JUN3K (a MAP3K). The cascade can also contain an additional tier: the upstream MAP4K. The kinases in each tier phosphorylate and activate the kinases in the downstream tier to transmit a signal within a cell.


go_id: GO:0007259
term: receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which STAT proteins (Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription) and JAK (Janus Activated Kinase) proteins convey a signal to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. The receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT begins with activation of a receptor and proceeeds through STAT protein activation by members of the JAK family of tyrosine kinases. STAT proteins dimerize and subsequently translocate to the nucleus. The pathway ends with regulation of target gene expression by STAT proteins.


go_id: GO:0007260
term: tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of introducing a phosphate group to a tyrosine residue of a STAT (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription) protein.


go_id: GO:0007263
term: nitric oxide mediated signal transduction
ontology: BP
definition:
Any intracellular signal transduction in which the signal is passed on within the cell via nitric oxide (NO). Includes synthesis of nitric oxide, receptors/sensors for nitric oxide (such as soluble guanylyl cyclase/sGC) and downstream effectors that further transmit the signal within the cell. Nitric oxide transmits its downstream effects through either cyclic GMP (cGMP)-dependent or independent mechanisms.


go_id: GO:0007265
term: Ras protein signal transduction
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Ras superfamily of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


go_id: GO:0007266
term: Rho protein signal transduction
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals within the cell that are mediated by a member of the Rho family of proteins switching to a GTP-bound active state.


go_id: GO:0007267
term: cell-cell signaling
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that mediates the transfer of information from one cell to another. This process includes signal transduction in the receiving cell and, where applicable, release of a ligand and any processes that actively facilitate its transport and presentation to the receiving cell.  Examples include signaling via soluble ligands, via cell adhesion molecules and via gap junctions.


go_id: GO:0007268
term: chemical synaptic transmission
ontology: BP
definition:
The vesicular release of classical neurotransmitter molecules from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of neurotransmitter receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


go_id: GO:0007269
term: neurotransmitter secretion
ontology: BP
definition:
The regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynapse into the synaptic cleft via calcium-regulated exocytosis during synaptic transmission.


go_id: GO:0007271
term: synaptic transmission, cholinergic
ontology: BP
definition:
The vesicular release of acetylcholine from a presynapse, across a chemical synapse, the subsequent activation of dopamine receptors at the postsynapse of a target cell (neuron, muscle, or secretory cell) and the effects of this activation on the postsynaptic membrane potential and ionic composition of the postsynaptic cytosol. This process encompasses both spontaneous and evoked release of neurotransmitter and all parts of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Evoked transmission starts with the arrival of an action potential at the presynapse.


go_id: GO:0007272
term: ensheathment of neurons
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which glial cells envelop neuronal cell bodies and/or axons to form an insulating layer. This can take the form of myelinating or non-myelinating ensheathment.


go_id: GO:0007275
term: multicellular organism development
ontology: BP
definition:
The biological process whose specific outcome is the progression of a multicellular organism over time from an initial condition (e.g. a zygote or a young adult) to a later condition (e.g. a multicellular animal or an aged adult).


go_id: GO:0007276
term: gamete generation
ontology: BP
definition:
The generation and maintenance of gametes in a multicellular organism. A gamete is a haploid reproductive cell.


go_id: GO:0007277
term: pole cell development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the pole cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007278
term: pole cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a pole cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007279
term: pole cell formation
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of a small group of cells (pole cells) at the posterior pole of the insect blastula. They are the first cells to cellularize after the arrival of nuclei at the end of the syncytial blastula stage and are the precursors to the insect germ cells.


go_id: GO:0007280
term: pole cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a pole cell (germline progenitors in insects) from its site of production at the posterior pole of the embryo through to the site where the gonads will form.


go_id: GO:0007281
term: germ cell development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an immature germ cell over time, from its formation to the mature structure (gamete). A germ cell is any reproductive cell in a multicellular organism.


go_id: GO:0007282
term: cystoblast division
ontology: BP
definition:
Any of the rounds of incomplete mitosis undergone by a cystoblast to form a cyst of interconnected cells.


go_id: GO:0007283
term: spermatogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The developmental process by which male germ line stem cells self renew or give rise to successive cell types resulting in the development of a spermatozoa.


go_id: GO:0007284
term: spermatogonial cell division
ontology: BP
definition:
The mitotic divisions of the primary spermatogonial cell (a primordial male germ cell) to form secondary spermatogonia (primary spermatocytes).


go_id: GO:0007285
term: primary spermatocyte growth
ontology: BP
definition:
The phase of growth and gene expression that male germ cells undergo as they enter the spermatocyte stage. The cells grow in volume and transcribe most of the gene products needed for the morphological events that follow meiosis.


go_id: GO:0007286
term: spermatid development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of a spermatid over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007287
term: Nebenkern assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
Fusion of mitochondria during insect spermatid differentiation to form two masses, which wrap around each other to form a densely packed sphere called the Nebenkern.


go_id: GO:0007288
term: sperm axoneme assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The assembly and organization of the sperm flagellar axoneme, the bundle of microtubules and associated proteins that forms the core of the eukaryotic sperm flagellum, and is responsible for movement.


go_id: GO:0007289
term: spermatid nucleus differentiation
ontology: BP
definition:
The specialization of the spermatid nucleus during the development of a spermatid into a mature male gamete competent for fertilization.


go_id: GO:0007290
term: spermatid nucleus elongation
ontology: BP
definition:
The change in shape of the spermatid nucleus from a spherical structure to an elongated organelle, during the latter part of spermatid differentiation.


go_id: GO:0007291
term: sperm individualization
ontology: BP
definition:
The resolution of the male germline syncytium or cyst into individual gametes by packaging each spermatid into its own plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0007292
term: female gamete generation
ontology: BP
definition:
Generation of the female gamete; specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and along with a male gamete takes part in sexual reproduction.


go_id: GO:0007293
term: germarium-derived egg chamber formation
ontology: BP
definition:
Construction of a stage-1 egg chamber in the anterior part of the germarium, from the progeny of germ-line and somatic stem cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007294
term: germarium-derived oocyte fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a germarium-derived cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an oocyte cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007295
term: growth of a germarium-derived egg chamber
ontology: BP
definition:
Growth of the egg chamber between the time it leaves the germarium and the onset of vitellogenesis. During this time both nurse cells and the oocyte undergo developmental changes including nuclear organization and cytoplasmic growth. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007297
term: ovarian follicle cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of an ovarian follicle cell that takes place during oogenesis. During egg chamber formation, follicle cells migrate to envelop the germ-line cysts and move in between cysts. At stage 10B, follicle cells migrate centripetally between the nurse cells and the oocyte, enclosing the anterior of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007298
term: border follicle cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of a border cell through the nurse cells to reach the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007299
term: ovarian follicle cell-cell adhesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The attachment of a somatic follicle cell to another somatic follicle cell or to its substratum, the germline cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007300
term: ovarian nurse cell to oocyte transport
ontology: BP
definition:
Transfer of constituents synthesized in the ovarian nurse cells to the oocyte, through the ring canals, as the egg chamber is growing. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007304
term: chorion-containing eggshell formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The construction of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007305
term: vitelline membrane formation involved in chorion-containing eggshell formation
ontology: BP
definition:
Construction of the vitelline membrane portion of a chorion-containing eggshell. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007306
term: eggshell chorion assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
Construction of the chorion portion of the eggshell, which comprises the channels for gas exchange in an insect eggshell.


go_id: GO:0007307
term: eggshell chorion gene amplification
ontology: BP
definition:
Amplification by up to 60-fold of the loci containing the chorion gene clusters. Amplification is necessary for the rapid synthesis of chorion proteins by the follicle cells, and occurs by repeated firing of one or more origins located within each gene cluster.


go_id: GO:0007308
term: oocyte construction
ontology: BP
definition:
The synthesis, deposition, and organization of the materials in a cell of an ovary; where the cell can then undergo meiosis and form an ovum. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007309
term: oocyte axis specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of an axis in the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007310
term: oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007311
term: maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, germ-line encoded
ontology: BP
definition:
Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007312
term: oocyte nucleus migration involved in oocyte dorsal/ventral axis specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of the oocyte nucleus within the cell as part of the establishment and maintenance of the dorsal/ventral axis of the oocyte. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007313
term: maternal specification of dorsal/ventral axis, oocyte, soma encoded
ontology: BP
definition:
Polarization of the oocyte along the dorsal-ventral axis, by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007314
term: oocyte anterior/posterior axis specification
ontology: BP
definition:
Polarization of the oocyte along its anterior-posterior axis. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007315
term: pole plasm assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
Establishment of the specialized cytoplasm found at the poles of the egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007316
term: pole plasm RNA localization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which RNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007317
term: regulation of pole plasm oskar mRNA localization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which oskar mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm.


go_id: GO:0007318
term: pole plasm protein localization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in which a protein is transported to, or maintained in, the oocyte pole plasm. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007319
term: negative regulation of oskar mRNA translation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents or reduces the rate that oskar mRNAs are effectively translated into protein.


go_id: GO:0007323
term: peptide pheromone maturation
ontology: BP
definition:
The generation of a mature, active peptide pheromone via processes unique to its processing and modification. An example of this process is found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


go_id: GO:0007339
term: binding of sperm to zona pellucida
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the sperm binds to the zona pellucida glycoprotein layer of the egg. The process begins with the attachment of the sperm plasma membrane to the zona pellucida and includes attachment of the acrosome inner membrane to the zona pellucida after the acrosomal reaction takes place.


go_id: GO:0007340
term: acrosome reaction
ontology: BP
definition:
The discharge, by sperm, of a single, anterior secretory granule following the sperm's attachment to the zona pellucida of the oocyte. The process begins with the fusion of the outer acrosomal membrane with the sperm plasma membrane and ends with the exocytosis of the acrosomal contents into the zona pellucida.


go_id: GO:0007341
term: penetration of zona pellucida
ontology: BP
definition:
The infiltration by sperm of the zona pellucida to reach the oocyte. The process involves digestive enzymes from a modified lysosome called the acrosome, situated at the head of the sperm.


go_id: GO:0007342
term: fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization
ontology: BP
definition:
The binding and fusion of a sperm, with the plasma membrane of the oocyte as part of the process of single fertilization. In sperm with flagella, binding occurs at the posterior (post-acrosomal) region of the sperm head.


go_id: GO:0007343
term: egg activation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the egg becomes metabolically active, initiates protein and DNA synthesis and undergoes structural changes to its cortex and/or cytoplasm.


go_id: GO:0007347
term: regulation of preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the preblastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0007348
term: regulation of syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell cycle process that modulates the rate or extent of the progression through the syncytial blastoderm mitotic cell cycle.


go_id: GO:0007349
term: cellularization
ontology: BP
definition:
The separation of a multi-nucleate cell or syncytium into individual cells. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster embryo development.


go_id: GO:0007350
term: blastoderm segmentation
ontology: BP
definition:
The hierarchical steps resulting in the progressive subdivision of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo.


go_id: GO:0007351
term: tripartite regional subdivision
ontology: BP
definition:
Subdivision of the embryo along the anterior/posterior axis into anterior, posterior and terminal regions.


go_id: GO:0007352
term: zygotic specification of dorsal/ventral axis
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the dorsal/ventral axis of the embryo, through the products of genes expressed in the zygote.


go_id: GO:0007354
term: zygotic determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by products of genes expressed in the zygote; exemplified in insects by the gap genes, pair rule genes and segment polarity gene cascade.


go_id: GO:0007355
term: anterior region determination
ontology: BP
definition:
Specification of the anterior (head and thoracic segments) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of hunchback gene product.


go_id: GO:0007356
term: thorax and anterior abdomen determination
ontology: BP
definition:
Specification of the central (trunk) regions of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of the Kruppel gene product.


go_id: GO:0007359
term: posterior abdomen determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The regionalization process in which the posterior (abdominal) regions of the embryo are specified by the gap genes.


go_id: GO:0007362
term: terminal region determination
ontology: BP
definition:
Specification of the terminal regions (the two non-segmented ends) of the embryo by the gap genes; exemplified in insects by the actions of huckebein and tailless gene products.


go_id: GO:0007365
term: periodic partitioning
ontology: BP
definition:
The regionalization process that divides the spatial regions of an embryo into serially repeated regions.


go_id: GO:0007366
term: periodic partitioning by pair rule gene
ontology: BP
definition:
Allocation of cells to parasegments in the embryo, through the action of overlapping series of pair rule gene activities.


go_id: GO:0007367
term: segment polarity determination
ontology: BP
definition:
Division of the 14 parasegments of the embryo into anterior and posterior compartments; exemplified by the actions of the segment polarity gene products.


go_id: GO:0007368
term: determination of left/right symmetry
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment of an organism's body plan or part of an organism with respect to the left and right halves. The pattern can either be symmetric, such that the halves are mirror images, or asymmetric where the pattern deviates from this symmetry.


go_id: GO:0007369
term: gastrulation
ontology: BP
definition:
A complex and coordinated series of cellular movements that occurs at the end of cleavage during embryonic development of most animals. The details of gastrulation vary from species to species, but usually result in the formation of the three primary germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.


go_id: GO:0007370
term: ventral furrow formation
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of a ventral indentation (furrow) from the blastoderm epithelium, which is internalized to form a tube in the interior of the embryo, marking the start of gastrulation.


go_id: GO:0007374
term: posterior midgut invagination
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of a cup-shaped invagination at the posterior end of the embryo, bringing the posterior midgut and hindgut primordia into the interior.


go_id: GO:0007376
term: cephalic furrow formation
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of a partial necklace of inturning tissue on the lateral sides of the embryo, along the dorsal-ventral axis. This furrow demarcates head from thorax in the developing protostome.


go_id: GO:0007377
term: germ-band extension
ontology: BP
definition:
Elongation of the germ band on the ventral side of the embryo, accompanied by a halving in width. The elongation process pushes the posterior midgut invagination closed and compresses the amnioserosa further.


go_id: GO:0007378
term: amnioserosa formation
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of the amnioserosa, an epithelium that occupies a hole in the embryonic dorsal epidermis. This occurs by the transformation of a narrow strip of cells at the dorsal midline of the blastoderm from columnar to squamous cells, accompanied by a lateral shift.


go_id: GO:0007379
term: segment specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which segments assume individual identities; exemplified in insects by the actions of the products of the homeotic genes.


go_id: GO:0007380
term: specification of segmental identity, head
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the characteristic structures of the head segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


go_id: GO:0007381
term: specification of segmental identity, labial segment
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the characteristic structures of the labial segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


go_id: GO:0007382
term: specification of segmental identity, maxillary segment
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the characteristic structures of the maxillary segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


go_id: GO:0007383
term: specification of segmental identity, antennal segment
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the characteristic structures of the antennal segment following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


go_id: GO:0007384
term: specification of segmental identity, thorax
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the characteristic structures of the thoracic segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


go_id: GO:0007385
term: specification of segmental identity, abdomen
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the characteristic structures of the abdominal segments following establishment of segment boundaries. Identity is considered to be the aggregate of characteristics by which a structure is recognized.


go_id: GO:0007386
term: compartment pattern specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The regionalization process in which embryonic segments are divided into compartments that will result in differences in cell differentiation.


go_id: GO:0007387
term: anterior compartment pattern formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The process giving rise to specification of cell identity in the anterior compartments of the segmented embryo.


go_id: GO:0007388
term: posterior compartment specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The process involved in the specification of cell identity in the posterior compartments of the segmented embryo.


go_id: GO:0007389
term: pattern specification process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any developmental process that results in the creation of defined areas or spaces within an organism to which cells respond and eventually are instructed to differentiate.


go_id: GO:0007390
term: germ-band shortening
ontology: BP
definition:
The spreading of the amnioserosa from its compressed state to cover the whole of the dorsal surface. Initiating in the thorax and spreading posteriorly, it is accompanied by the transition from a parasegmental to segmental division of the embryo.


go_id: GO:0007391
term: dorsal closure
ontology: BP
definition:
The process during Drosophila embryogenesis whereby the ectodermal cells of the lateral epithelium stretch in a coordinated fashion to internalize the amnioserosa cells and close the embryo dorsally.


go_id: GO:0007393
term: dorsal closure, leading edge cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell within the dorsal ectoderm becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a leading edge cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007394
term: dorsal closure, elongation of leading edge cells
ontology: BP
definition:
The change in shape of cells at the dorsal-most (leading) edge of the epidermis from being polygonal to being elongated in the dorsal/ventral axis.


go_id: GO:0007396
term: suture of dorsal opening
ontology: BP
definition:
Closure of the dorsal hole. Filopodia extending from each leading edge interdigitate at the dorsal midline and appear to prime the formation of adherens junctions between the two rows of leading edge cells. Newly formed septate junctions are also used to seal the dorsal hole.


go_id: GO:0007398
term: ectoderm development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In animal embryos, the ectoderm is the outer germ layer of the embryo, formed during gastrulation.


go_id: GO:0007399
term: nervous system development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of nervous tissue over time, from its formation to its mature state.


go_id: GO:0007400
term: neuroblast fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a neuroblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. An example of this process is found in Mus musculus.


go_id: GO:0007402
term: ganglion mother cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a ganglion mother cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007403
term: glial cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a glial cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007405
term: neuroblast proliferation
ontology: BP
definition:
The expansion of a neuroblast population by cell division. A neuroblast is any cell that will divide and give rise to a neuron.


go_id: GO:0007406
term: negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of the proliferation of neuroblasts.


go_id: GO:0007407
term: neuroblast activation
ontology: BP
definition:
A change in the morphology or behavior of a neuroblast resulting from exposure to an activating factor such as a cellular or soluble ligand.


go_id: GO:0007409
term: axonogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
De novo generation of a long process of a neuron, including the terminal branched region. Refers to the morphogenesis or creation of shape or form of the developing axon, which carries efferent (outgoing) action potentials from the cell body towards target cells.


go_id: GO:0007411
term: axon guidance
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemotaxis process that directs the migration of an axon growth cone to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


go_id: GO:0007412
term: axon target recognition
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which an axon recognizes and binds to a set of cells with which it may form stable connections.


go_id: GO:0007416
term: synapse assembly
ontology: BP
definition:
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form a synapse.  This process ends when the synapse is mature (functional).


go_id: GO:0007417
term: central nervous system development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the central nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The central nervous system is the core nervous system that serves an integrating and coordinating function. In vertebrates it consists of the brain and spinal cord. In those invertebrates with a central nervous system it typically consists of a brain, cerebral ganglia and a nerve cord.


go_id: GO:0007418
term: ventral midline development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral midline over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In protostomes (such as insects, snails and worms) as well as deuterostomes (vertebrates), the midline is an embryonic region that functions in patterning of the adjacent nervous tissue. The ventral midline in insects is a cell population extending along the ventral surface of the embryo and is the region from which cells detach to form the ventrally located nerve cords. In vertebrates, the midline is originally located dorsally. During development, it folds inwards and becomes the ventral part of the dorsally located neural tube and is then called the ventral midline, or floor plate.


go_id: GO:0007419
term: ventral cord development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ventral cord over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ventral cord is one of the distinguishing traits of the central nervous system of all arthropods (such as insects, crustaceans and arachnids) as well as many other invertebrates, such as the annelid worms.


go_id: GO:0007420
term: brain development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the brain over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Brain development begins with patterning events in the neural tube and ends with the mature structure that is the center of thought and emotion. The brain is responsible for the coordination and control of bodily activities and the interpretation of information from the senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.).


go_id: GO:0007421
term: stomatogastric nervous system development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the stomatogastric nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007422
term: peripheral nervous system development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the peripheral nervous system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The peripheral nervous system is one of the two major divisions of the nervous system. Nerves in the PNS connect the central nervous system (CNS) with sensory organs, other organs, muscles, blood vessels and glands.


go_id: GO:0007423
term: sensory organ development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of sensory organs over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007424
term: open tracheal system development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of an open tracheal system over time, from its formation to the mature structure. An open tracheal system is a respiratory system, a branched network of epithelial tubes that supplies oxygen to target tissues via spiracles. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007425
term: epithelial cell fate determination, open tracheal system
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an epithelial cell within an open tracheal system regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. Tracheal cells are set aside as 10 clusters of approximately 80 cells on each side of the embryo (termed tracheal placodes). An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007426
term: tracheal outgrowth, open tracheal system
ontology: BP
definition:
The projection of branches of an open tracheal system towards their target tissues. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007427
term: epithelial cell migration, open tracheal system
ontology: BP
definition:
The orderly movement of epithelial cells during development of an open tracheal system. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007428
term: primary branching, open tracheal system
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of primary branches in the open tracheal system. These form from small groups of cells that migrate out at specific positions, organizing into tubes as they migrate. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007429
term: secondary branching, open tracheal system
ontology: BP
definition:
Sprouting of secondary branches in an open tracheal system. These form from the tips of primary branches and are formed by individual cells that roll up into unicellular tubes. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007430
term: terminal branching, open tracheal system
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation of terminal branches in the open tracheal system. These are long cytoplasmic extensions that form fine tubules that transport oxygen directly to the tissues. An example of the process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007431
term: salivary gland development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the salivary gland over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Salivary glands include any of the saliva-secreting exocrine glands of the oral cavity.


go_id: GO:0007432
term: salivary gland boundary specification
ontology: BP
definition:
Determination of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


go_id: GO:0007433
term: larval salivary gland boundary specification
ontology: BP
definition:
Determination in a larval organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


go_id: GO:0007434
term: adult salivary gland boundary specification
ontology: BP
definition:
Determination in an adult organism of where the salivary gland forms, the total number of salivary gland cells and how many cells are allocated to each of the specialised cell types within the salivary gland.


go_id: GO:0007436
term: larval salivary gland morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process, occurring in the larva, by which the anatomical structures of the salivary gland are generated and organized.


go_id: GO:0007437
term: adult salivary gland morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of the adult salivary gland are generated and organized.


go_id: GO:0007438
term: oenocyte development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the oenocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The oenocytes are large secretory cells found in clusters underlying the epidermis of larval abdominal segments.


go_id: GO:0007439
term: ectodermal digestive tract development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ectodermal digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ectodermal digestive tract includes those portions that are derived from ectoderm.


go_id: GO:0007441
term: anterior midgut (ectodermal) morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of the anterior midgut (ectodermal) are generated and organized.


go_id: GO:0007443
term: Malpighian tubule morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of the Malpighian tubule are generated and organized. This process takes place entirely during the embryonic phase. A Malpighian tubule is a fine, thin-walled excretory tubule in insects which leads into the posterior part of the gut.


go_id: GO:0007444
term: imaginal disc development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the imaginal disc over time, from its formation to the metamorphosis to form adult structures. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.).


go_id: GO:0007445
term: determination of imaginal disc primordium
ontology: BP
definition:
Allocation of embryonic cells to the imaginal disc founder populations, groups of cells that are committed to contribute to the formation of an imaginal disc compartment.


go_id: GO:0007446
term: imaginal disc growth
ontology: BP
definition:
The increase in mass of imaginal discs by cell proliferation prior to metamorphosis. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult structures (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


go_id: GO:0007447
term: imaginal disc pattern formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The regionalization process that results in defined areas of the imaginal disc that will undergo specific cell differentaiton. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


go_id: GO:0007448
term: anterior/posterior pattern specification, imaginal disc
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the anterior/posterior axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that rapidly develop into adult appendages during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


go_id: GO:0007449
term: proximal/distal pattern formation, imaginal disc
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.


go_id: GO:0007450
term: dorsal/ventral pattern formation, imaginal disc
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the dorsal/ventral axis of the imaginal disc. Imaginal disks are masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvae of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.


go_id: GO:0007451
term: dorsal/ventral lineage restriction, imaginal disc
ontology: BP
definition:
Formation and/or maintenance of a lineage boundary between dorsal and ventral compartments that cells cannot cross, thus separating the populations of cells in each compartment.


go_id: GO:0007453
term: clypeo-labral disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the clypeo-labral disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a clypeo-labal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the labrum, anterior and posterior cibarial plates, fish trap bristles, epistomal sclerite and clypeus.


go_id: GO:0007454
term: labial disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the labial disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a labial imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including parts of the proboscis.


go_id: GO:0007455
term: eye-antennal disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the eye-antennal disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of an eye-antennal imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the eye, antenna, head capsule and maxillary palps.


go_id: GO:0007458
term: progression of morphogenetic furrow involved in compound eye morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The morphogenetic furrow is a dorsoventral indentation which sweeps anteriorly across the eye disc. Ommatidia begin to form along the furrow, resulting in a graded series of ommatidial development across the anterior/posterior axis of the disc.


go_id: GO:0007460
term: R8 cell fate commitment
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the R8 photoreceptor commits to its cell fate. The R8 receptor contributes the central part of the rhabdomere in the basal parts of the ommatidium.


go_id: GO:0007462
term: R1/R6 cell fate commitment
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the R1/R6 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R1 and R6 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.


go_id: GO:0007463
term: R2/R5 cell fate commitment
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the R2/R5 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R2 and R5 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.


go_id: GO:0007464
term: R3/R4 cell fate commitment
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the R3/R4 photoreceptors commit to their cell fate. R3 and R4 are paired photoreceptors which contribute the outer rhabdomeres.


go_id: GO:0007465
term: R7 cell fate commitment
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the R7 photoreceptor commits to its cell fate. The R7 receptor contributes the central part of the rhabdomere in the apical parts of the ommatidium.


go_id: GO:0007469
term: antennal development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the antenna over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The antenna are the sensory structures on the head that are capable of detecting various environmental stimuli.


go_id: GO:0007470
term: prothoracic disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the prothoracic disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a prothoracic imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult humerous and anterior spiracle.


go_id: GO:0007472
term: wing disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the wing disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a wing imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the wing hinge, wing blade and pleura.


go_id: GO:0007473
term: wing disc proximal/distal pattern formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the wing disc, a precursor to the adult wing.


go_id: GO:0007474
term: imaginal disc-derived wing vein specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The regionalization process in which the area of a imaginal disc-derived wing that will form a wing vein is specified.


go_id: GO:0007475
term: apposition of dorsal and ventral imaginal disc-derived wing surfaces
ontology: BP
definition:
The coming together of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the imaginal disc-derived wing during the conversion of a folded single layered wing disc to a flat bilayered wing.


go_id: GO:0007476
term: imaginal disc-derived wing morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of the imaginal disc-derived wing are generated and organized. The wing is an appendage modified for flying.


go_id: GO:0007477
term: notum development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the dorsal part of the body over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007478
term: leg disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the leg disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a leg imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into recognizable adult structures including the leg, coxa and ventral thoracic pleura.


go_id: GO:0007479
term: leg disc proximal/distal pattern formation
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment, maintenance and elaboration of the proximal/distal axis of the leg imaginal disc, a precursor to the adult leg.


go_id: GO:0007480
term: imaginal disc-derived leg morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of a leg derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. A leg is a limb on which an animal walks and stands. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007481
term: haltere disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the haltere disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a haltere imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult capitellum, pedicel, haltere sclerite, metathoracic spiracle and metanotum.


go_id: GO:0007482
term: haltere development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the haltere over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The haltere is the club-shaped 'balancers' found on each side of the metathorax among the true flies (Diptera). They are the much-modified hind wings.


go_id: GO:0007483
term: genital disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the genital disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of a genital imaginal disc from a monolayered epithelium in the larvae of holometabolous insects into the recognizable adult genital structures, the anal plates and the hind gut.


go_id: GO:0007484
term: imaginal disc-derived genitalia development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007485
term: imaginal disc-derived male genitalia development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the male genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007486
term: imaginal disc-derived female genitalia development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the female genitalia over time, from formation as part of the genital disc to the mature structure. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007487
term: analia development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the analia over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The analia is the posterior-most vertral appendage that develops from the genital disc. An example of this process is analia development in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007488
term: histoblast morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from the histoblast disc are generated and organized. This includes the transformation of histoblast cells into adult structures during pupal metamorphosis. Histoblast cells are cells founded in the embryo that are the progenitors to the adult abdomen.


go_id: GO:0007489
term: maintenance of imaginal histoblast diploidy
ontology: BP
definition:
The negative regulation of the differentiation of polytenized larval hypodermal cells from abdominal histoblasts. The abdominal histoblasts remain a small cluster of diploid cells among the polytenized larval hypodermal cells.


go_id: GO:0007490
term: tergite morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of the tergite are generated and organized. The tergite is the primary plate or sclerite forming the dorsal surface of any insect body segment.


go_id: GO:0007491
term: sternite morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures of the sternite are generated and organized. The sternite is the plate or sclerite on the underside of a body segment.


go_id: GO:0007492
term: endoderm development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the endoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The endoderm is the innermost germ layer that develops into the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs and associated tissues.


go_id: GO:0007493
term: endodermal cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into an endoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007494
term: midgut development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The midgut is the middle part of the alimentary canal from the stomach, or entrance of the bile duct, to, or including, the large intestine.


go_id: GO:0007495
term: visceral mesoderm-endoderm interaction involved in midgut development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of cell-cell signaling between visceral mesoderm cells and endoderm cells that is involved in the differentiation of cells in the midgut.


go_id: GO:0007496
term: anterior midgut development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the anterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007497
term: posterior midgut development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the posterior midgut over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007498
term: mesoderm development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The mesoderm is the middle germ layer that develops into muscle, bone, cartilage, blood and connective tissue.


go_id: GO:0007499
term: ectoderm and mesoderm interaction
ontology: BP
definition:
A cell-cell signaling process occurring between the two gastrulation-generated layers of the ectoderm and the mesoderm.


go_id: GO:0007500
term: mesodermal cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007501
term: mesodermal cell fate specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a mesoderm cell in an environment that is neutral with respect to the developmental pathway; upon specification, the cell fate can be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007502
term: digestive tract mesoderm development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract mesoderm is portion of the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form part of the digestive tract of the organism.


go_id: GO:0007503
term: fat body development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. A fat body is an insect gland dorsal to the insect gut, with a function analogous to that of the vertebrate liver. It is a storage organ for fats, glycogen and protein and is a major site of intermediary metabolism.


go_id: GO:0007504
term: larval fat body development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The larval fat body consists of a bilaterally symmetrical monolayer of cells lying between the gut and the muscles of the body wall. As in other tissues of the larva, the cells of the fat body complete their divisions in the embryo and increase in size and ploidy during larval life.


go_id: GO:0007505
term: adult fat body development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult fat body over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Larval fat body cells that remain at eclosion degenerate in the first 2 to 4 days of adult life, leaving behind the smaller cells of the adult fat body.


go_id: GO:0007506
term: gonadal mesoderm development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the gonadal mesoderm over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The gonadal mesoderm is the middle layer of the three primary germ layers of the embryo which will go on to form the gonads of the organism.


go_id: GO:0007507
term: heart development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The heart is a hollow, muscular organ, which, by contracting rhythmically, keeps up the circulation of the blood.


go_id: GO:0007508
term: larval heart development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure. In Drosophila the larval heart (dorsal vessel) is a continuous tube of mesodormal cells that runs beneath the dorsal midline of the epidermis, divided into an anterior aorta and a posterior heart proper.


go_id: GO:0007509
term: mesoderm migration involved in gastrulation
ontology: BP
definition:
The migration of mesodermal cells during gastrulation to help establish the multilayered body plan of the organism.


go_id: GO:0007510
term: cardioblast cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a cardioblast cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A cardioblast is a cardiac precursor cell. It is a cell that has been committed to a cardiac fate, but will undergo more cell division rather than terminally differentiating.


go_id: GO:0007512
term: adult heart development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult heart over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007516
term: hemocyte development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the hemocyte over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Hemocytes are blood cells associated with a hemocoel (the cavity containing most of the major organs of the arthropod body) which are involved in defense and clotting of hemolymph, but not involved in transport of oxygen.


go_id: GO:0007517
term: muscle organ development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The muscle is an organ consisting of a tissue made up of various elongated cells that are specialized to contract and thus to produce movement and mechanical work.


go_id: GO:0007518
term: myoblast fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a myoblast regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


go_id: GO:0007519
term: skeletal muscle tissue development
ontology: BP
definition:
The developmental sequence of events leading to the formation of adult skeletal muscle tissue. The main events are: the fusion of myoblasts to form myotubes that increase in size by further fusion to them of myoblasts, the formation of myofibrils within their cytoplasm and the establishment of functional neuromuscular junctions with motor neurons. At this stage they can be regarded as mature muscle fibers.


go_id: GO:0007520
term: myoblast fusion
ontology: BP
definition:
A process in which non-proliferating myoblasts fuse to existing fibers or to myotubes to form new fibers. A myoblast is a mononucleate cell type that, by fusion with other myoblasts, gives rise to the myotubes that eventually develop into skeletal muscle fibers.


go_id: GO:0007521
term: muscle cell fate determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The cell fate determination process in which a cell becomes capable of differentiating autonomously into a muscle cell regardless of its environment; upon determination, the cell fate cannot be reversed.


go_id: GO:0007522
term: visceral muscle development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007523
term: larval visceral muscle development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007524
term: adult visceral muscle development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult visceral muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007525
term: somatic muscle development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure. Somatic muscles are striated muscle structures that connect to the exoskeleton or cuticle.


go_id: GO:0007526
term: larval somatic muscle development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the larval somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007527
term: adult somatic muscle development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the adult somatic muscle over time, from its formation to the mature structure.


go_id: GO:0007528
term: neuromuscular junction development
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of a neuromuscular junction.


go_id: GO:0007530
term: sex determination
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


go_id: GO:0007531
term: mating type determination
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that establishes and transmits the specification of mating type upon an individual. Mating types are the equivalent in microorganisms of the sexes in higher organisms.


go_id: GO:0007532
term: regulation of mating-type specific transcription, DNA-templated
ontology: BP
definition:
Any mating-type specific process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription.


go_id: GO:0007533
term: mating type switching
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of a single-cell organism from one mating type to another by the precise replacement of a DNA sequence at the expressed mating type locus with a copy of a sequence from a donor locus.


go_id: GO:0007534
term: gene conversion at mating-type locus
ontology: BP
definition:
The conversion of the mating-type locus from one allele to another resulting from the recombinational repair of a site-specific double-strand break at the mating-type locus with information from a silent donor sequence. There is no reciprocal exchange of information because the mating-type locus copies information from the donor sequence and the donor sequence remains unchanged.


go_id: GO:0007535
term: donor selection
ontology: BP
definition:
The process that determines which donor locus a cell uses, in preference to another, in mating type switching.


go_id: GO:0007536
term: activation of recombination (HML)
ontology: BP
definition:
The activation of recombination at a mating type locus, such that it is used in preference to the other donor locus for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


go_id: GO:0007537
term: inactivation of recombination (HML)
ontology: BP
definition:
The inactivation of recombination at sequences around a mating type donor locus, with the consequence that the other donor is the only one available for mating type switching; exemplified by the HML locus and surrounding sequences on Chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.


go_id: GO:0007538
term: primary sex determination
ontology: BP
definition:
The sex determination process that results in the initial specification of sexual status of an individual organism.


go_id: GO:0007539
term: primary sex determination, soma
ontology: BP
definition:
The transmission of information about sexual status from the initial, general, determination to signals specific to the soma.


go_id: GO:0007540
term: sex determination, establishment of X:A ratio
ontology: BP
definition:
The developmental process in which an organism senses the number of X chromosomes and autosomes in its genomic complement and responds to it.


go_id: GO:0007541
term: sex determination, primary response to X:A ratio
ontology: BP
definition:
The developmental process in which an organism interprets its X to autosomal chromosomal complement.


go_id: GO:0007542
term: primary sex determination, germ-line
ontology: BP
definition:
The transmission of information about sexual status, from the initial general determination, to signals specific to the germ-line.


go_id: GO:0007543
term: sex determination, somatic-gonadal interaction
ontology: BP
definition:
The process that mediates the interactions between somatic cells and gonadal cells that ultimately results in the specification of sexual status of the organism.


go_id: GO:0007545
term: processes downstream of sex determination signal
ontology: BP
definition:
The sex determination processes that take place after the initial transmission of the sexual phenotype to specific information pathways.


go_id: GO:0007546
term: somatic processes downstream of sex determination signal
ontology: BP
definition:
The events determining the somatic sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to soma-specific information pathways.


go_id: GO:0007547
term: germ-line processes downstream of sex determination signal
ontology: BP
definition:
The events determining the germ-line sexual phenotype after the initial transmission of that phenotype to germ-line-specific information pathways.


go_id: GO:0007549
term: dosage compensation
ontology: BP
definition:
Compensating for the variation in the unpaired sex chromosome:autosome chromosome ratios between sexes by activation or inactivation of genes on one or both of the sex chromosomes.


go_id: GO:0007552
term: metamorphosis
ontology: BP
definition:
A biological process in which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's form or structure. Examples include the change from tadpole to frog, and the change from larva to adult. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007553
term: regulation of ecdysteroid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysteroids, a group of polyhydroxylated ketosteroids which initiate post-embryonic development, including the metamorphosis of immature forms and the development of the reproductive system and the maturation of oocytes in adult females.


go_id: GO:0007554
term: regulation of ecdysteroid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ecdysteroids.


go_id: GO:0007555
term: regulation of ecdysteroid secretion
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the regulated release of ecdysteroid from a cell.


go_id: GO:0007556
term: regulation of juvenile hormone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways involving juvenile hormone.


go_id: GO:0007557
term: regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of juvenile hormone.


go_id: GO:0007560
term: imaginal disc morphogenesis
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the anatomical structures derived from an imaginal disc are generated and organized. The imaginal discs are epithelial infoldings in the larvae of holometabolous insects that develop into adult appendages (legs, antennae, wings, etc.) during metamorphosis from larval to adult form.


go_id: GO:0007561
term: imaginal disc eversion
ontology: BP
definition:
The eversion (turning inside out) of imaginal discs from their peripodial sacs, resulting in movement of the epithelium to the outside of the larval epidermis.


go_id: GO:0007563
term: regulation of eclosion
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the emergence of an insect from a pupa-case or of a larva from an egg.


go_id: GO:0007565
term: female pregnancy
ontology: BP
definition:
The set of physiological processes that allow an embryo or foetus to develop within the body of a female animal. It covers the time from fertilization of a female ovum by a male spermatozoon until birth.


go_id: GO:0007567
term: parturition
ontology: BP
definition:
The reproductive process in which the parent is separated from its offspring either by giving birth to live young or by laying eggs.


go_id: GO:0007568
term: aging
ontology: BP
definition:
A developmental process that is a deterioration and loss of function over time. Aging includes loss of functions such as resistance to disease, homeostasis, and fertility, as well as wear and tear. Aging includes cellular senescence, but is more inclusive. May precede death and may succeed developmental maturation (GO:0021700).


go_id: GO:0007584
term: response to nutrient
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a nutrient stimulus.


go_id: GO:0007585
term: respiratory gaseous exchange by respiratory system
ontology: BP
definition:
The process of gaseous exchange between an organism and its environment. In plants, microorganisms, and many small animals, air or water makes direct contact with the organism's cells or tissue fluids, and the processes of diffusion supply the organism with dioxygen (O2) and remove carbon dioxide (CO2). In larger animals the efficiency of gaseous exchange is improved by specialized respiratory organs, such as lungs and gills, which are ventilated by breathing mechanisms.


go_id: GO:0007586
term: digestion
ontology: BP
definition:
The whole of the physical, chemical, and biochemical processes carried out by multicellular organisms to break down ingested nutrients into components that may be easily absorbed and directed into metabolism.


go_id: GO:0007588
term: excretion
ontology: BP
definition:
The elimination by an organism of the waste products that arise as a result of metabolic activity. These products include water, carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogenous compounds.


go_id: GO:0007591
term: molting cycle, chitin-based cuticle
ontology: BP
definition:
The periodic shedding of part or all of a chitin-based cuticle, which is then replaced by a new cuticle. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0007594
term: puparial adhesion
ontology: BP
definition:
The adhesion of the puparia of Diptera to their substrate; normally effected by a 'glue' secreted by the larval salivary gland and expectorated at the time of pupariation.


go_id: GO:0007595
term: lactation
ontology: BP
definition:
The regulated release of milk from the mammary glands and the period of time that a mother lactates to feed her young.


go_id: GO:0007596
term: blood coagulation
ontology: BP
definition:
The sequential process in which the multiple coagulation factors of the blood interact, ultimately resulting in the formation of an insoluble fibrin clot; it may be divided into three stages: stage 1, the formation of intrinsic and extrinsic prothrombin converting principle; stage 2, the formation of thrombin; stage 3, the formation of stable fibrin polymers.


go_id: GO:0007597
term: blood coagulation, intrinsic pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the interactions among high molecular weight kininogen, prekallikrein, and factor XII that lead to the activation of clotting factor X.


go_id: GO:0007598
term: blood coagulation, extrinsic pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
A protein activation cascade that contributes to blood coagulation and consists of the self-limited process linking exposure and activation of tissue factor to the activation of clotting factor X.


go_id: GO:0007600
term: sensory perception
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


go_id: GO:0007601
term: visual perception
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events required for an organism to receive a visual stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Visual stimuli are detected in the form of photons and are processed to form an image.


go_id: GO:0007602
term: phototransduction
ontology: BP
definition:
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons into a molecular signal.


go_id: GO:0007603
term: phototransduction, visible light
ontology: BP
definition:
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from visible light into a molecular signal. A visible light stimulus is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived visually by an organism; for organisms lacking a visual system, this can be defined as light with a wavelength within the range 380 to 780 nm.


go_id: GO:0007604
term: phototransduction, UV
ontology: BP
definition:
The sequence of reactions within a cell required to convert absorbed photons from UV light into a molecular signal; ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 to 400 nanometers.


go_id: GO:0007605
term: sensory perception of sound
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events required for an organism to receive an auditory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Sonic stimuli are detected in the form of vibrations and are processed to form a sound.


go_id: GO:0007606
term: sensory perception of chemical stimulus
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events required for an organism to receive a sensory chemical stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. This is a neurological process.


go_id: GO:0007608
term: sensory perception of smell
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of events required for an organism to receive an olfactory stimulus, convert it to a molecular signal, and recognize and characterize the signal. Olfaction involves the detection of chemical composition of an organism's ambient medium by chemoreceptors. This is a neurological process.


go_id: GO:0007610
term: behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of animals (individuals or groups) to internal or external stimuli, via a mechanism that involves nervous system activity.


go_id: GO:0007611
term: learning or memory
ontology: BP
definition:
The acquisition and processing of information and/or the storage and retrieval of this information over time.


go_id: GO:0007612
term: learning
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs as the result of experience.


go_id: GO:0007613
term: memory
ontology: BP
definition:
The activities involved in the mental information processing system that receives (registers), modifies, stores, and retrieves informational stimuli. The main stages involved in the formation and retrieval of memory are encoding (processing of received information by acquisition), storage (building a permanent record of received information as a result of consolidation) and retrieval (calling back the stored information and use it in a suitable way to execute a given task).


go_id: GO:0007614
term: short-term memory
ontology: BP
definition:
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information received a short time (up to about 30 minutes) ago. This type of memory is typically dependent on direct, transient effects of second messenger activation.


go_id: GO:0007615
term: anesthesia-resistant memory
ontology: BP
definition:
The memory process that results in the formation of consolidated memory resistant to disruption of the patterned activity of the brain, without requiring protein synthesis.


go_id: GO:0007616
term: long-term memory
ontology: BP
definition:
The memory process that deals with the storage, retrieval and modification of information a long time (typically weeks, months or years) after receiving that information. This type of memory is typically dependent on gene transcription regulated by second messenger activation.


go_id: GO:0007617
term: mating behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The behavioral interactions between organisms for the purpose of mating, or sexual reproduction resulting in the formation of zygotes.


go_id: GO:0007618
term: mating
ontology: BP
definition:
The pairwise union of individuals for the purpose of sexual reproduction, ultimately resulting in the formation of zygotes.


go_id: GO:0007624
term: ultradian rhythm
ontology: BP
definition:
The specific actions or reactions of an organism that recur with a regularity more frequent than every 24 hours.


go_id: GO:0007625
term: grooming behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The specific behavior of an organism relating to grooming, cleaning and brushing to remove dirt and parasites.


go_id: GO:0007626
term: locomotory behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The specific movement from place to place of an organism in response to external or internal stimuli. Locomotion of a whole organism in a manner dependent upon some combination of that organism's internal state and external conditions.


go_id: GO:0007628
term: adult walking behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The behavior of an adult relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


go_id: GO:0007629
term: flight behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The response to external or internal stimuli that results in the locomotory process of flight. Flight is the self-propelled movement of an organism through the air.


go_id: GO:0007630
term: jump response
ontology: BP
definition:
The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to an external stimulus.


go_id: GO:0007633
term: pattern orientation
ontology: BP
definition:
The actions or reactions of an individual in response to the orientation of a visual pattern. This is exemplified by some classes of insects which are able to detect and learn the orientation of a set of stripes and subsequently behaviorally discriminate between horizontal, vertical or 45 degree stripes.


go_id: GO:0007634
term: optokinetic behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The behavior of an organism pertaining to movement of the eyes and of objects in the visual field, as in nystagmus.


go_id: GO:0007636
term: chemosensory jump behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The sudden, usually upward, movement off the ground or other surface through sudden muscular effort in the legs, following exposure to a chemical substance.


go_id: GO:0007637
term: proboscis extension reflex
ontology: BP
definition:
The extension, through direct muscle actions, of the proboscis (the trunk-like extension of the mouthparts on the adult external head) in response to a nutritional stimulus.


go_id: GO:0007639
term: homeostasis of number of meristem cells
ontology: BP
definition:
Any biological process involved in the maintenance of the steady-state number of cells within a population of cells in the meristem.


go_id: GO:0008009
term: chemokine activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The function of a family of small chemotactic cytokines; their name is derived from their ability to induce directed chemotaxis in nearby responsive cells. All chemokines possess a number of conserved cysteine residues involved in intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Some chemokines are considered pro-inflammatory and can be induced during an immune response to recruit cells of the immune system to a site of infection, while others are considered homeostatic and are involved in controlling the migration of cells during normal processes of tissue maintenance or development. Chemokines are found in all vertebrates, some viruses and some bacteria.


go_id: GO:0008010
term: structural constituent of chitin-based larval cuticle
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a larva. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008011
term: structural constituent of pupal chitin-based cuticle
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of a pupa. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008012
term: structural constituent of adult chitin-based cuticle
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the chitin-based cuticle of an adult organism. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008015
term: blood circulation
ontology: BP
definition:
The flow of blood through the body of an animal, enabling the transport of nutrients to the tissues and the removal of waste products.


go_id: GO:0008016
term: regulation of heart contraction
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of heart contraction. Heart contraction is the process in which the heart decreases in volume in a characteristic way to propel blood through the body.


go_id: GO:0008020
term: G protein-coupled photoreceptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with incidental electromagnetic radiation, particularly visible light, and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0008021
term: synaptic vesicle
ontology: CC
definition:
A secretory organelle, typically 50 nm in diameter, of presynaptic nerve terminals; accumulates in high concentrations of neurotransmitters and secretes these into the synaptic cleft by fusion with the 'active zone' of the presynaptic plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0008022
term: protein C-terminus binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to a protein C-terminus, the end of a peptide chain at which the 1-carboxyl function of a constituent amino acid is not attached in peptide linkage to another amino-acid residue.


go_id: GO:0008023
term: transcription elongation factor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
Any protein complex that interacts with RNA polymerase II to increase (positive transcription elongation factor) or reduce (negative transcription elongation factor) the rate of transcription elongation.


go_id: GO:0008024
term: cyclin/CDK positive transcription elongation factor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A transcription elongation factor complex that facilitates the transition from abortive to productive elongation by phosphorylating the CTD domain of the large subunit of DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme. Contains a cyclin and a cyclin-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit.


go_id: GO:0008028
term: monocarboxylic acid transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of monocarboxylic acids from one side of a membrane to the other. A monocarboxylic acid is an organic acid with one COOH group.


go_id: GO:0008029
term: pentraxin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008030
term: neuronal pentraxin receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a neuronal pentraxin and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008031
term: eclosion hormone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action characteristic of eclosion hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, triggers the death of certain muscles and neurons during insect metamorphosis.


go_id: GO:0008033
term: tRNA processing
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a pre-tRNA molecule is converted to a mature tRNA, ready for addition of an aminoacyl group.


go_id: GO:0008035
term: high-density lipoprotein particle binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to high-density lipoprotein particle, a lipoprotein particle with a high density (typically 1.063-1.21 g/ml) and a diameter of 5-10 nm that contains APOAs and may contain APOCs and APOE.


go_id: GO:0008036
term: diuretic hormone receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a diuretic hormone and transmitting the signal to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008039
term: synaptic target recognition
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a neuronal cell in a multicellular organism interprets signals produced by potential target cells, with which it may form synapses.


go_id: GO:0008043
term: intracellular ferritin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A ferritin complex located in the cell. Intracellular ferritin complexes contain 24 subunits, in a mixture of L (light) chains and H (heavy) chains.


go_id: GO:0008045
term: motor neuron axon guidance
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which the migration of an axon growth cone of a motor neuron is directed to a specific target site in response to a combination of attractive and repulsive cues.


go_id: GO:0008046
term: axon guidance receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an extracellular messenger and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to results in a change in cellular activity involved in axon guidance.


go_id: GO:0008048
term: calcium sensitive guanylate cyclase activator activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Binds to and increases the activity of guanylate cyclase in response to a change in calcium ion concentration.


go_id: GO:0008049
term: male courtship behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The behavior of a male, for the purpose of attracting a sexual partner. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008052
term: sensory organ boundary specification
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which boundaries between a sensory organ and the surrounding tissue are established and maintained.


go_id: GO:0008055
term: ocellus pigment biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of ocellus pigments,  general or particular coloring matter in living organisms, found or utilized in the ocellus, a minute simple eye found in many invertebrates.


go_id: GO:0008056
term: ocellus development
ontology: BP
definition:
The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the ocellus over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The ocellus is a simple visual organ of insects.


go_id: GO:0008057
term: eye pigment granule organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the eye.


go_id: GO:0008058
term: ocellus pigment granule organization
ontology: BP
definition:
A process that is carried out at the cellular level which results in the assembly, arrangement of constituent parts, or disassembly of intracellular pigment storage granules in the ocellus.


go_id: GO:0008061
term: chitin binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to chitin, a linear polysaccharide consisting of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.


go_id: GO:0008063
term: Toll signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to the receptor Toll on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0008064
term: regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


go_id: GO:0008065
term: establishment of blood-nerve barrier
ontology: BP
definition:
The establishment of the barrier between the perineurium of peripheral nerves and the vascular endothelium of endoneurial capillaries. The perineurium acts as a diffusion barrier, but ion permeability at the blood-nerve barrier is still higher than at the blood-brain barrier.


go_id: GO:0008066
term: glutamate receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with glutamate and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008068
term: extracellularly glutamate-gated chloride channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a chloride ion by a channel that opens when  glutamate is bound by the channel complex or one of its constituent parts on the extracellular side of the plasma membrane.


go_id: GO:0008069
term: dorsal/ventral axis specification, ovarian follicular epithelium
ontology: BP
definition:
Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal/ventral axis. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008070
term: maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, germ-line encoded
ontology: BP
definition:
Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by cells of the germ line.


go_id: GO:0008071
term: maternal determination of dorsal/ventral axis, ovarian follicular epithelium, soma encoded
ontology: BP
definition:
Polarization of the ovarian follicle cells along the dorsal-ventral axis by a gene product encoded by somatic cells. An example of this process is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008076
term: voltage-gated potassium channel complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which potassium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential.


go_id: GO:0008081
term: phosphoric diester hydrolase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a phosphodiester to give a phosphomonoester and a free hydroxyl group.


go_id: GO:0008083
term: growth factor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The function that stimulates a cell to grow or proliferate. Most growth factors have other actions besides the induction of cell growth or proliferation.


go_id: GO:0008086
term: light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a voltage-gated channel that is activated in response to light. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0008087
term: light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that forms a transmembrane channel through which calcium ions may cross a cell membrane in response to changes in membrane potential generated in response to a light stimulus.


go_id: GO:0008089
term: anterograde axonal transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell body toward the cell periphery in nerve cell axons.


go_id: GO:0008090
term: retrograde axonal transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of organelles or molecules along microtubules from the cell periphery toward the cell body in nerve cell axons.


go_id: GO:0008091
term: spectrin
ontology: CC
definition:
Membrane associated dimeric protein (240 and 220 kDa) of erythrocytes. Forms a complex with ankyrin, actin and probably other components of the membrane cytoskeleton, so that there is a mesh of proteins underlying the plasma membrane, potentially restricting the lateral mobility of integral proteins.


go_id: GO:0008092
term: cytoskeletal protein binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to a protein component of a cytoskeleton (actin, microtubule, or intermediate filament cytoskeleton).


go_id: GO:0008093
term: cytoskeletal anchor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The binding activity of a protein that brings together a cytoskeletal protein (either a microtubule or actin filament, spindle pole body, or protein directly bound to them) and one or more other molecules, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


go_id: GO:0008103
term: oocyte microtubule cytoskeleton polarization
ontology: BP
definition:
Establishment and maintenance of a specific axis of polarity of the oocyte microtubule network. The axis is set so that the minus and plus ends of the microtubules of the mid stage oocyte are positioned along the anterior cortex and at the posterior pole, respectively. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008107
term: galactoside 2-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: GDP-L-fucose + beta-D-galactosyl-R = GDP + alpha-L-fucosyl-(1,2)-beta-D-galactosyl-R.


go_id: GO:0008108
term: UDP-glucose:hexose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: alpha-D-galactose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-glucose = alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate + UDP-D-galactose.


go_id: GO:0008109
term: N-acetyllactosaminide beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R = UDP + N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminyl-1,6-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-R.


go_id: GO:0008112
term: nicotinamide N-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine(1+) + nicotinamide = 1-methylnicotinamide + S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine.


go_id: GO:0008113
term: peptide-methionine (S)-S-oxide reductase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reactions: peptide-L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = peptide-L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin, and L-methionine + thioredoxin disulfide + H2O = L-methionine (S)-S-oxide + thioredoxin. Can act on oxidized methionine in peptide linkage with specificity for the S enantiomer. Thioredoxin disulfide is the oxidized form of thioredoxin.


go_id: GO:0008118
term: N-acetyllactosaminide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: CMP-N-acetylneuraminate + beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein = CMP + alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-2,3-beta-D-galactosyl-1,4-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminyl-glycoprotein.


go_id: GO:0008119
term: thiopurine S-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + a thiopurine = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + a thiopurine S-methylether.


go_id: GO:0008121
term: ubiquinol-cytochrome-c reductase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: CoQH2 + 2 ferricytochrome c = CoQ + 2 ferrocytochrome c + 2 H+.


go_id: GO:0008123
term: cholesterol 7-alpha-monooxygenase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: cholesterol + NADPH + H+ + O2 = 7-alpha-hydroxycholesterol + NADP+ + H2O.


go_id: GO:0008124
term: 4-alpha-hydroxytetrahydrobiopterin dehydratase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxypterin = (6R)-6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-pterin + H(2)O.


go_id: GO:0008127
term: quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: H(+) + O(2) + quercetin = 2-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-4,6-dihydroxybenzoate + CO.


go_id: GO:0008138
term: protein tyrosine/serine/threonine phosphatase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reactions: protein serine + H2O = protein serine + phosphate; protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


go_id: GO:0008139
term: nuclear localization sequence binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to a nuclear localization sequence, a specific peptide sequence that acts as a signal to localize the protein within the nucleus.


go_id: GO:0008143
term: poly(A) binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to a sequence of adenylyl residues in an RNA molecule, such as the poly(A) tail, a sequence of adenylyl residues at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNA.


go_id: GO:0008146
term: sulfotransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a sulfate group from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the hydroxyl group of an acceptor, producing the sulfated derivative and 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate.


go_id: GO:0008150
term: biological_process
ontology: BP
definition:
A biological process represents a specific objective that the organism is genetically programmed to achieve. Biological processes are often described by their outcome or ending state, e.g., the biological process of cell division results in the creation of two daughter cells (a divided cell) from a single parent cell. A biological process is accomplished by a particular set of molecular functions carried out by specific gene products (or macromolecular complexes), often in a highly regulated manner and in a particular temporal sequence.


go_id: GO:0008152
term: metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways, including anabolism and catabolism, by which living organisms transform chemical substances. Metabolic processes typically transform small molecules, but also include macromolecular processes such as DNA repair and replication, and protein synthesis and degradation.


go_id: GO:0008153
term: para-aminobenzoic acid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of para-aminobenzoic acid, an intermediate in the synthesis of folic acid, a compound which some organisms, e.g. prokaryotes, eukaryotic microbes, and plants, can synthesize de novo. Others, notably mammals, cannot. In yeast, it is present as a factor in the B complex of vitamins.


go_id: GO:0008154
term: actin polymerization or depolymerization
ontology: BP
definition:
Assembly or disassembly of actin filaments by the addition or removal of actin monomers from a filament.


go_id: GO:0008158
term: hedgehog receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a member of the hedgehog protein family and transmitting the signal across the membrane to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008160
term: protein tyrosine phosphatase activator activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Binds to and increases the activity of a phosphatase, an enzyme which catalyzes of the removal of a phosphate group from a tyrosyl phenolic group of a protein.


go_id: GO:0008173
term: RNA methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in an RNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008174
term: mRNA methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine to a nucleoside residue in an mRNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008175
term: tRNA methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the transfer of a methyl group from a donor to a nucleoside residue in a tRNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008176
term: tRNA (guanine-N7-)-methyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + tRNA = S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + tRNA containing N7-methylguanine.


go_id: GO:0008180
term: COP9 signalosome
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that catalyzes the deneddylation of proteins, including the cullin component of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligase; deneddylation increases the activity of cullin family ubiquitin ligases. The signalosome is involved in many regulatory process, including some which control development, in many species; also regulates photomorphogenesis in plants; in many species its subunits are highly similar to those of the proteasome.


go_id: GO:0008186
term: ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate; this reaction requires the presence of RNA, and it drives another reaction.


go_id: GO:0008190
term: eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to eukaryotic initiation factor 4E, a polypeptide factor involved in the initiation of ribosome-mediated translation.


go_id: GO:0008191
term: metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Binds to and stops, prevents or reduces the activity of metalloendopeptidases, enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of nonterminal peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain and contain a chelated metal ion at their active sites which is essential to their catalytic activity.


go_id: GO:0008193
term: tRNA guanylyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the posttranscriptional addition of a guanyl residue to the 5' end of a tRNA molecule; observed for His tRNAs.


go_id: GO:0008195
term: phosphatidate phosphatase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: a 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-phosphate + H2O = a 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol + phosphate.


go_id: GO:0008201
term: heparin binding
ontology: MF
definition:
Binding to heparin, a member of a group of glycosaminoglycans found mainly as an intracellular component of mast cells and which consist predominantly of alternating alpha-(1->4)-linked D-galactose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate residues.


go_id: GO:0008202
term: steroid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus.


go_id: GO:0008203
term: cholesterol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving cholesterol, cholest-5-en-3 beta-ol, the principal sterol of vertebrates and the precursor of many steroids, including bile acids and steroid hormones. It is a component of the plasma membrane lipid bilayer and of plasma lipoproteins and can be found in all animal tissues.


go_id: GO:0008204
term: ergosterol metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ergosterol, (22E)-ergosta-5,7,22-trien-3-beta-ol, a sterol found in ergot, yeast and moulds. It is the most important of the D provitamins and is converted to vitamin D2 on irradiation with UV light.


go_id: GO:0008205
term: ecdysone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving ecdysone, (22R)-2-beta,3-beta,14,22,25-pentahydroxycholest-7-en-6-one, an ecdysteroid found in insects. It is the inactive prohormone of the moulting hormone ecdysterone and may have intrinsic hormonal activity at other stages of insect development.


go_id: GO:0008206
term: bile acid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving bile acids, a group of steroid carboxylic acids occurring in bile, where they are present as the sodium salts of their amides with glycine or taurine.


go_id: GO:0008207
term: C21-steroid hormone metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


go_id: GO:0008208
term: C21-steroid hormone catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of C21-steroid hormones, steroid compounds containing 21 carbons which function as hormones.


go_id: GO:0008209
term: androgen metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving androgens, C19 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.


go_id: GO:0008210
term: estrogen metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants.


go_id: GO:0008211
term: glucocorticoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving glucocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects.


go_id: GO:0008212
term: mineralocorticoid metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving mineralocorticoids, hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol. Mineralocorticoids act primarily on water and electrolyte balance.


go_id: GO:0008213
term: protein alkylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The addition of an alkyl group to a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.


go_id: GO:0008214
term: protein dealkylation
ontology: BP
definition:
The removal of an alkyl group from a protein amino acid. Alkyl groups are derived from alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.


go_id: GO:0008215
term: spermine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving spermine, a polybasic amine found in human sperm, in ribosomes and in some viruses, which is involved in nucleic acid packaging. Synthesis is regulated by ornithine decarboxylase which plays a key role in control of DNA replication.


go_id: GO:0008217
term: regulation of blood pressure
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the force with which blood travels through the circulatory system. The process is controlled by a balance of processes that increase pressure and decrease pressure.


go_id: GO:0008219
term: cell death
ontology: BP
definition:
Any biological process that results in permanent cessation of all vital functions of a cell. A cell should be considered dead when any one of the following molecular or morphological criteria is met: (1) the cell has lost the integrity of its plasma membrane; (2) the cell, including its nucleus, has undergone complete fragmentation into discrete bodies (frequently referred to as apoptotic bodies). The cell corpse (or its fragments) may be engulfed by an adjacent cell in vivo, but engulfment of whole cells should not be considered a strict criteria to define cell death as, under some circumstances, live engulfed cells can be released from phagosomes (see PMID:18045538).


go_id: GO:0008226
term: tyramine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with the biogenic amine tyramine to initiate a change in cell activity. Tyramine is a sympathomimetic amine derived from tyrosine with an action resembling that of epinephrine.


go_id: GO:0008227
term: G protein-coupled amine receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with an extracellular amine and transmitting the signal across the membrane by activating an associated G-protein; promotes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit of a heterotrimeric G-protein complex.


go_id: GO:0008228
term: opsonization
ontology: BP
definition:
The process in which a microorganism (or other particulate material) is rendered more susceptible to phagocytosis by coating with an opsonin, a blood serum protein such as a complement component or antibody.


go_id: GO:0008230
term: ecdysone receptor holocomplex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimeric complex containing the products of the insect genes Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp). Binding of ecdysone promotes association between the two subunits, and the receptor complex then initiates molting and metamorphosis by binding DNA and regulating the transcription of target genes.


go_id: GO:0008231
term: repressor ecdysone receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) plus an associated corepressor such as SMRTER, which represses transcription of target genes.


go_id: GO:0008232
term: activator ecdysone receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex consisting of a heterodimer of Ecdysone receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (usp) bound to the ligand ecdysone, which activates transcription of target genes.


go_id: GO:0008233
term: peptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond. A peptide bond is a covalent bond formed when the carbon atom from the carboxyl group of one amino acid shares electrons with the nitrogen atom from the amino group of a second amino acid.


go_id: GO:0008234
term: cysteine-type peptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which the sulfhydryl group of a cysteine residue at the active center acts as a nucleophile.


go_id: GO:0008235
term: metalloexopeptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


go_id: GO:0008236
term: serine-type peptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds in a polypeptide chain by a catalytic mechanism that involves a catalytic triad consisting of a serine nucleophile that is activated by a proton relay involving an acidic residue (e.g. aspartate or glutamate) and a basic residue (usually histidine).


go_id: GO:0008237
term: metallopeptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of peptide bonds by a mechanism in which water acts as a nucleophile, one or two metal ions hold the water molecule in place, and charged amino acid side chains are ligands for the metal ions.


go_id: GO:0008238
term: exopeptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the hydrolysis of a peptide bond not more than three residues from the N- or C-terminus of a polypeptide chain, in a reaction that requires a free N-terminal amino group, C-terminal carboxyl group or both.


go_id: GO:0008242
term: omega peptidase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the cleavage of non-standard peptide bonds releasing substituted amino acids such as pyroglutamate or cleave isopeptide bonds, such as many deubiquitinating enzymes.


go_id: GO:0008247
term: 1-alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine esterase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
An enzyme complex composed of two catalytic alpha subunits, which form a catalytic dimer, and a non-catalytic, regulatory beta subunit; the catalytic dimer may be an alpha1/alpha1 or alpha2/alpha2 homodimer, or an alpha1/alpha2 heterodimer. Modulates the action of platelet-activating factor (PAF).


go_id: GO:0008250
term: oligosaccharyltransferase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that is found in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane of eukaryotes and transfers lipid-linked oligosaccharide precursor to asparagine residues on nascent proteins. In yeast, the complex includes at least nine different subunits, whereas in mammalian cells at least three different forms of the complex have been detected.


go_id: GO:0008255
term: ecdysis-triggering hormone activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The action characteristic of ecdysis-triggering hormone, a peptide hormone that, upon receptor binding, initiates pre-ecdysis and ecdysis (i.e. cuticle shedding) through direct action on the central nervous system.


go_id: GO:0008263
term: pyrimidine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the removal of mismatched pyrimidine bases in DNA. Enzymes with this activity recognize and remove pyrimidines present in mismatches by cleaving the N-C1' glycosidic bond between the target damaged DNA base and the deoxyribose sugar. The reaction releases a free base and leaves an apyrimidinic (AP) site.


go_id: GO:0008265
term: Mo-molybdopterin cofactor sulfurase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the sulfurylation of the desulfo form of molybdenum cofactor (MoCo), a cofactor required for the activity of some enzymes, such as aldehyde oxidase.


go_id: GO:0008269
term: JAK pathway signal transduction adaptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
The binding activity of a molecule that brings together two molecules of the JAK signal transduction pathway, permitting them to function in a coordinated way.


go_id: GO:0008271
term: secondary active sulfate transmembrane transporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the secondary active transfer of sulfate from one side of a membrane to the other. Secondary active transport is the transfer of a solute across a membrane, up its concentration gradient. The transporter binds the solute and undergoes a series of conformational changes. Transport works equally well in either direction and is driven by a chemiosmotic source of energy. Secondary active transporters include symporters and antiporters.


go_id: GO:0008272
term: sulfate transport
ontology: BP
definition:
The directed movement of sulfate into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore.


go_id: GO:0008273
term: calcium, potassium:sodium antiporter activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transfer of a solute or solutes from one side of a membrane to the other according to the reaction: Ca2+(in) + K+(in) + Na+(out) = Ca2+(out) + K+(out) + Na+(in).


go_id: GO:0008275
term: gamma-tubulin small complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex usually comprising two gamma-tubulin molecules and two conserved non-tubulin proteins. Some gamma-tubulin small complexes are thought to be the repeating unit making up the core of the gamma-tubulin ring complex.


go_id: GO:0008277
term: regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway.


go_id: GO:0008278
term: cohesin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that is required for sister chromatid cohesion in eukaryotes. The cohesin complex forms a molecular ring complex, and is composed of structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) and kleisin proteins. For example, in yeast, the complex is composed of the SMC proteins Smc1p and Smc3p, and the kleisin protein Scc1p. In vertebrates, the complex is composed of the SMC1 (SMC1A or SMC1B) and SMC3 heterodimer attached via their hinge domains to a kleisin (RAD21, REC8 or RAD21L) which links them, and one STAG protein (STAG1, STAG2 or STAG3).


go_id: GO:0008281
term: sulfonylurea receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with sulfonylurea, and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity.


go_id: GO:0008282
term: inward rectifying potassium channel
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that comprises four pore-forming (Kir6.x) and four regulatory sulphonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits and forms a transmembrane channel through which ions may pass. The opening and closing of the channel is regulated by ATP: binding of ATP to the Kir6.x subunit inhibits channel activity, whereas binding of Mg2+-complexed ATP or ADP to the SURx subunit stimulates channel activity.


go_id: GO:0008286
term: insulin receptor signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of the insulin receptor binding to insulin.


go_id: GO:0008287
term: protein serine/threonine phosphatase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex, normally consisting of a catalytic and a regulatory subunit, which catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a serine or threonine residue of a protein.


go_id: GO:0008288
term: boss receptor activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Combining with a protein bride of sevenless (boss) and transmitting the signal from one side of the membrane to the other to initiate a change in cell activity by catalysis of the reaction: ATP + a protein-L-tyrosine = ADP + a protein-L-tyrosine phosphate.


go_id: GO:0008290
term: F-actin capping protein complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A heterodimer consisting of alpha and beta subunits that binds to and caps the barbed ends of actin filaments, thereby regulating the polymerization of actin monomers but not severing actin filaments.


go_id: GO:0008291
term: acetylcholine metabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways involving acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline. Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter and neuromodulator both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. It also acts as a paracrine signal in various non-neural tissues.


go_id: GO:0008292
term: acetylcholine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of acetylcholine, the acetic acid ester of the organic base choline.


go_id: GO:0008293
term: torso signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals initiated by an extracellular ligand binding to torso (a receptor tyrosine kinase) on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription.


go_id: GO:0008294
term: calcium- and calmodulin-responsive adenylate cyclase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP = 3',5'-cyclic AMP + diphosphate, stimulated by calcium-bound calmodulin.


go_id: GO:0008295
term: spermidine biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of spermidine, N-(3-aminopropyl)-1,4-diaminobutane.


go_id: GO:0008297
term: single-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008299
term: isoprenoid biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


go_id: GO:0008300
term: isoprenoid catabolic process
ontology: BP
definition:
The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of an isoprenoid compound, isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) or compounds containing or derived from linked isoprene (3-methyl-2-butenylene) residues.


go_id: GO:0008301
term: DNA binding, bending
ontology: MF
definition:
The activity of binding selectively and non-covalently to and distorting the original structure of DNA, typically a straight helix, into a bend, or increasing the bend if the original structure was intrinsically bent due to its sequence.


go_id: GO:0008303
term: caspase complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that contains one or more cysteine-type endopeptidases (also called caspases), which give the complex a peptidase activity with specificity for the hydrolysis of aspartyl bonds. These complexes may be involved e.g. in apoptotic or inflammation processes.


go_id: GO:0008305
term: integrin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A protein complex that is composed of one alpha subunit and one beta subunit, both of which are members of the integrin superfamily of cell adhesion receptors; the complex spans the plasma membrane and binds to extracellular matrix ligands, cell-surface ligands, and soluble ligands.


go_id: GO:0008308
term: voltage-gated anion channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of an anion by a voltage-gated channel. An anion is a negatively charged ion. A voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on the voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0008309
term: double-stranded DNA exodeoxyribonuclease activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 5' or 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008310
term: single-stranded DNA 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a single-stranded DNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008311
term: double-stranded DNA 3'-5' exodeoxyribonuclease activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the sequential cleavage of mononucleotides from a free 3' terminus of a double-stranded DNA molecule.


go_id: GO:0008314
term: gurken signaling pathway
ontology: BP
definition:
The series of molecular signals generated as a consequence of an epidermal growth factor receptor binding to a ligand Gurken.


go_id: GO:0008316
term: structural constituent of vitelline membrane
ontology: MF
definition:
The action of a molecule that contributes to the structural integrity of the vitelline membrane of an egg. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008318
term: protein prenyltransferase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the covalent addition of an isoprenoid group such as a farnesyl or geranylgeranyl group via thioether linkages to a cysteine residue in a protein.


go_id: GO:0008328
term: ionotropic glutamate receptor complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A multimeric assembly of four or five subunits which form a structure with an extracellular N-terminus and a large loop that together form the ligand binding domain. The C-terminus is intracellular. The ionotropic glutamate receptor complex itself acts as a ligand-gated ion channel; on binding glutamate, charged ions pass through a channel in the center of the receptor complex.


go_id: GO:0008330
term: protein tyrosine/threonine phosphatase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reactions: protein threonine phosphate + H2O = protein threonine + phosphate; and protein tyrosine phosphate + H2O = protein tyrosine + phosphate.


go_id: GO:0008331
term: high voltage-gated calcium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a high voltage-gated channel. A high voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on high voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0008332
term: low voltage-gated calcium channel activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Enables the transmembrane transfer of a calcium ion by a low voltage-gated channel. A low voltage-gated channel is a channel whose open state is dependent on low voltage across the membrane in which it is embedded.


go_id: GO:0008336
term: gamma-butyrobetaine dioxygenase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: 2-oxoglutarate + 4-(trimethylammonio)butanoate + O(2) = carnitine + CO(2) + succinate.


go_id: GO:0008346
term: larval walking behavior
ontology: BP
definition:
The behavior of a larval organism relating to the progression of that organism along the ground by the process of lifting and setting down each leg.


go_id: GO:0008347
term: glial cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The orderly movement of a glial cell, non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system.


go_id: GO:0008348
term: negative regulation of antimicrobial humoral response
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate, or extent of an antimicrobial humoral response.


go_id: GO:0008349
term: MAP kinase kinase kinase kinase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the phosphorylation of serine and threonine residues in a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK), resulting in activation of MAPKKK. MAPKKK signaling pathways relay, amplify and integrate signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus in response to a diverse range of extracellular stimuli.


go_id: GO:0008352
term: katanin complex
ontology: CC
definition:
A complex possessing an activity that couples ATP hydrolysis to the severing of microtubules; usually a heterodimer comprising a catalytic subunit (often 60kDa) and a regulatory subunit (often 80 kDa).


go_id: GO:0008353
term: RNA polymerase II CTD heptapeptide repeat kinase activity
ontology: MF
definition:
Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + RNA polymerase II large subunit CTD heptapeptide repeat (YSPTSPS) = ADP + H+ + phosphorylated RNA polymerase II.


go_id: GO:0008354
term: germ cell migration
ontology: BP
definition:
The orderly movement of a cell specialized to produce haploid gametes through the embryo from its site of production to the place where the gonads will form.


go_id: GO:0008355
term: olfactory learning
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process in an organism in which a relatively long-lasting adaptive behavioral change occurs in response to (repeated) exposure to an olfactory cue.


go_id: GO:0008356
term: asymmetric cell division
ontology: BP
definition:
The asymmetric division of cells to produce two daughter cells with different developmental potentials. It is of fundamental significance for the generation of cell diversity.


go_id: GO:0008358
term: maternal determination of anterior/posterior axis, embryo
ontology: BP
definition:
The specification of the anterior/posterior axis of the embryo by gradients of maternally-transcribed gene products; exemplified in insects by the morphogens, bicoid and nanos.


go_id: GO:0008359
term: regulation of bicoid mRNA localization
ontology: BP
definition:
Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of the process in which bicoid mRNA is transported to, or maintained in, a specific location.


go_id: GO:0008362
term: chitin-based embryonic cuticle biosynthetic process
ontology: BP
definition:
Synthesis, including the chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of chitin and other components, and deposition of a chitin-based embryonic cuticle by the underlying epidermal epithelium. This tough, waterproof cuticle layer is essential to provide structural integrity of the larval body. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008363
term: larval chitin-based cuticle development
ontology: BP
definition:
Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based larval cuticle. The insect larval cuticle is a secretion from epidermal cells that is shed at each molt. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


go_id: GO:0008364
term: pupal chitin-based cuticle development
ontology: BP
definition:
Synthesis and deposition of a chitin-based pupal cuticle. At the end of the prepupal period the insect is covered by the pupal cuticle which continues to be elaborated into the pupal period. An example of this is found in Drosophila melanogaster.


